Compressed natural gas

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"CNG" redirects here. For other uses, see CNG (disambiguation).
File:CNGlogo.svg
Blue diamond symbol used on CNG-powered vehicles in North America
File:CNG logo China.svg
Green bordered white diamond symbol used on CNG-powered vehicles in China
File:ABQ RIDE 332 Montgomery Albuquerque.jpg
A CNG powered high-floor Neoplan AN440A, operated by ABQ RIDE in Albuquerque, New Mexico.

Compressed natural gas (CNG) is a fossil fuel substitute for gasoline (petrol), diesel, or propane/LPG. Although its combustion does produce greenhouse gases, it is a more environmentally clean alternative to those fuels, and it is much safer than other fuels in the event of a spill (natural gas is lighter than air, and disperses quickly when released). CNG may also be mixed with biogas, produced from landfills or wastewater, which doesn't increase the concentration of carbon in the atmosphere.

CNG is made by compressing natural gas (which is mainly composed of methane [CH4]), to less than 1% of the volume it occupies at standard atmospheric pressure. It is stored and distributed in hard containers at a pressure of 200–248 bar (2900–3600 psi), usually in cylindrical or spherical shapes.

CNG is used in traditional gasoline internal combustion engine cars that have been converted into bi-fuel vehicles (gasoline/CNG). Natural gas vehicles are increasingly used in the Asia-Pacific region (especially Pakistan[1]), Latin America, Europe, and North America due to rising gasoline prices.[2] In response to high fuel prices and environmental concerns, CNG is starting to be used also in tuk-tuks and pickup trucks, transit and school buses, and trains.

The cost of this conversion is a barrier for CNG use as fuel and explains why public transportation vehicles are early adopters, as they can amortize more quickly the money invested in the new (and usually cheaper) fuel. In spite of these circumstances the number of vehicles in the world that use CNG has grown steadily at a 30 percent annual rate.[3]

CNG's volumetric energy density is estimated to be 42% of liquefied natural gas's (because it is not liquefied), and 25% of diesel's.[4]

Uses

Cars

File:Posto GNV 01 2009 485 CWB.jpg
CNG pumps at a Brazilian gasoline fueling station
Main article: Natural gas vehicle

Worldwide, there were 14.8 million natural gas vehicles by 2011, led by Iran with 2.86 million, Pakistan (2.85 million), Argentina (2.07 million), Brazil (1.7 million), and India (1.1 million).[5] with the Asia-Pacific region leading with 5.7 million NGVs, followed by Latin America with almost 4 million vehicles.[2]


Several manufacturers (Fiat, Opel (General Motors), Peugeot, Volkswagen, Toyota, Honda and others) sell bi-fuel cars. In 2006, Fiat introduced the Siena Tetrafuel in the Brazilian market, equipped with a 1.4L FIRE engine that runs on E100, E25 (Standard Brazilian Gasoline), Gasoline and CNG.

Any existing gasoline vehicle can be converted to a bi-fuel (gasoline/CNG) vehicle. Authorized shops can do the retrofitting, this involves installing a CNG cylinder in the trunk, installing the plumbing, installing a CNG injection system and the electronics.

Locomotives

CNG locomotives are operated by several railroads. The Napa Valley Wine Train successfully retrofit a diesel locomotive to run on compressed natural gas before 2002.[6] This converted locomotive was upgraded to utilize a computer controlled fuel injection system in May 2008, and is now the Napa Valley Wine Train's primary locomotive.[7] Ferrocarril Central Andino in Peru, has run a CNG Locomotive on a freight line since 2005[8] CNG locomotives are usually diesel locomotives that have been converted to use compressed natural gas generators instead of diesel generators to generate the electricity that drives the motors of the train. Some CNG locomotives are able to fire their cylinders only when there is a demand for power, which, theoretically, gives them a higher fuel efficiency than conventional diesel engines. CNG is also cheaper than petrol or diesel.

Advantages

File:Emt-gas-2.jpg
CNG powered bus in Madrid (Spain).

1. Due to the absence of any lead or benzene content in CNG, the lead fouling of spark plugs is eliminated.
2. CNG-powered vehicles have lower maintenance costs when compared with other fossil fuel-powered vehicles.
3. CNG fuel systems are sealed, which prevents any spill or evaporation losses.
4. Increased life of lubricating oils, as CNG does not contaminate and dilute the crankcase oil.
5. CNG mixes easily and evenly in air being a gaseous fuel.
6. CNG is less likely to auto-ignite on hot surfaces, since it has a high auto-ignition temperature (540 °C) and a narrow range (5%-15%) of flammability.[9]
7. Less pollution and more efficiency: CNG emits significantly less pollutants such as carbon dioxide (CO2), unburned hydrocarbons (UHC), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides (SOx) and particulate matter (PM), compared to petrol. For example, an engine running on petrol for 100 km emits 22,000 grams of CO2, while covering the same distance on CNG emits only 16,275 grams of CO2[citation needed]. CNG is essentially methane, i.e. CH4 with a calorific value of 900 kJ/mol. This burns with oxygen to produce 1 mol of CO2 and 2 mol of H2O. By comparison, petrol can be regarded as essentially benzene or similar, C6H6 with a calorific value of about 3,300 kJ/mol and this burns to produce 6 mol of CO2 and 3 mol of H2O. From this it can be seen that per mol of CO2 produced, CNG releases over 1.6 times as much energy as that released from petrol (or for the same amount of energy, CNG produces nearly 40% less CO2).] The corresponding figures are 78 and 25.8 grams respectively, for nitrogen oxides. Carbon monoxide emissions are reduced even further. Due to lower carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides emissions, switching to CNG can help mitigate greenhouse gas emissions.[9] The ability of CNG to reduce greenhouse gas emissions over the entire fuel lifecycle will depend on the source of the natural gas and the fuel it is replacing. The lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions for CNG compressed from California's pipeline natural gas is given a value of 67.70 grams of CO2-equivalent per megajoule (gCO2e/MJ) by the California Air Resources Board (CARB), approximately 28% lower than the average gasoline fuel in that market (95.86 gCO2e/MJ). CNG produced from landfill biogas was found by CARB to have the lowest greenhouse gas emissions of any fuel analyzed, with a value of 11.26 gCO2e/MJ (over 88% lower than conventional gasoline) in the low-carbon fuel standard that went into effect on January 12, 2010.[10]

Drawbacks

File:Carroagas.jpg
Gas storage in a car.

Compressed natural gas vehicles require a greater amount of space for fuel storage than conventional gasoline powered vehicles. Since it is a compressed gas, rather than a liquid like gasoline, CNG takes up more space for each gasoline gallon equivalent (GGE). Therefore, the tanks used to store the CNG usually take up additional space in the trunk of a car or bed of a pickup truck which runs on CNG. This problem is solved in factory-built CNG vehicles that install the tanks under the body of the vehicle, leaving the trunk free (e.g. Fiat Multipla, New Fiat Panda, Volkswagen Touran Ecofuel, Volkswagen Caddy Ecofuel, Chevy Taxi - which sold in countries such as Peru). Another option is installation on roof (typical on buses), requiring, however, solution of structural strength issues. CNG-powered vehicles are considered to be safer than gasoline-powered vehicles.[11][12][13]

CNG compared to LNG

Compressed Natural Gas is often confused with liquefied natural gas (LNG). While both are stored forms of natural gas, the key difference is that CNG is gas that is stored (as a gas) at high pressure, while LNG is stored at very low temperature, becoming liquid in the process. CNG has a lower cost of production and storage compared to LNG as it does not require an expensive cooling process and cryogenic tanks. CNG requires a much larger volume to store the same mass of gasoline or petrol and the use of very high pressures (3000 to 4000 psi, or 205 to 275 bar). As a consequence of this, LNG is often used for transporting natural gas over large distances, in ships, trains or pipelines, and the gas is then converted into CNG before distribution to the end user.

CNG can also be confused with LPG, which is liquified propane. Unlike natural gas (mostly methane), propane can be compressed to a liquid without continual refrigeration. LPG is commonly used to fuel vehicles in Australia.

CNG can be stored at lower pressure in a form known as an ANG (Adsorbed Natural Gas) tank, at 35 bar (500 psi, the pressure of gas in natural gas pipelines) in various sponge like materials, such as activated carbon[14] and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs).[15] The fuel is stored at similar or greater energy density than CNG. This means that vehicles can be refuelled from the natural gas network without extra gas compression, the fuel tanks can be slimmed down and made of lighter, weaker materials.

Worldwide

Iran, Pakistan, Argentina, Brazil and India have the highest number of CNG run vehicles in the world.[16]

Top ten countries with most CNG vehicles-2011
(millions)
22x20px Iran 2.86
22x20px Pakistan 2.85
 Argentina 2.07
22x20px Brazil 1.7
 India 1.1
22x20px Italy 0.78
 People's Republic of China 0.61
22x20px Colombia 0.36
22x20px Uzbekistan 0.31
22x20px Thailand 0.30
World Total 14.8
Source:[17]

South America

File:Shell station in Rosario.jpg
CNG station in Rosario, Argentina.

CNG vehicles are commonly used in South America, where these vehicles are mainly used as taxicabs in main cities of Argentina and Brazil.[18] Normally, standard gasoline vehicles are retrofitted in specialized shops, which involve installing the gas cylinder in the trunk and the CNG injection system and electronics. Argentina and Brazil are the two countries with the largest fleets of CNG vehicles,[18] with a combined total fleet of more than 3.4 million vehicles by 2009.[2] Conversion has been facilitated by a substantial price differential with liquid fuels, locally produced conversion equipment and a growing CNG-delivery infrastructure.

As of 2009 Argentina had 1,807,186 NGV's with 1,851 refueling stations across the nation,[2] or 15% of all vehicles;[18] and Brazil had 1,632,101 vehicles and 1,704 refueling stations,[2] with a higher concentration in the cities of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo.[18][19]

Colombia had an NGV fleet of 300,000 vehicles, and 460 refueling stations as of 2009.[2] Bolivia has increased its fleet from 10,000 in 2003 to 121,908 units in 2009, with 128 refueling stations.[2] Peru had 81,024 NGVs and 94 fueling stations as 2009,[2] but that number is expected to skyrocket as Peru sits on South America's largest gas reserves.[18] In Peru several factory-built NGVs have the tanks installed under the body of the vehicle, leaving the trunk free. Among the models built with this feature are the Fiat Multipla, the newFiat Panda, the Volkswagen Touran Ecofuel, the Volkswagen Caddy Ecofuel, and the Chevy Taxi. Other countries with significant NGV fleets are Venezuela (15,000) and Chile (8,064) as of 2009.[2]

South and East Asia

File:Volvo B10BLE SBS Transit SBS2988J.jpg
A CNG powered Volvo B10BLE bus, operated by SBS Transit in Singapore.

In Singapore, CNG is increasingly being used by public transport vehicles like buses and taxis, as well as goods vehicles. However, according to Channel NewsAsia on April 18, 2008, more owners of private cars in this country are converting their petrol-driven vehicles to also run on CNG – motivated no doubt by rising petrol prices. The initial cost of converting a regular vehicle to dual fuel at the German conversion workshop of C. Melchers, for example, is around S$3,800 (US$2,500); with the promise of real cost-savings that dual-fuel vehicles bring over the long term.

Singapore currently has five operating filling stations for natural gas. SembCorp Gas Pte Ltd runs the station on Jurong Island, and jointly with Singapore Petroleum Company, the filling station at Jalan Buroh. Both these stations are in the western part of the country. Another station on the mainland is in Mandai Link to the north and is operated by SMART Energy. SMART also own a second station on Serangoon North Ave 5 which was set up end of March 2009; The fifth and largest station in the world was opened by the UNION Group in September 2009. This station is recognized by the Guniness World Records as being the laregst in the world with 46 refuelling hoses. This station is located in Toh Tuck. The Union Group, which operates 1000 CNG Toyota Wish taxis plan to introduce another three daughter stations and increase the CNG taxi fleet to 8000 units.

As a key incentive for using this eco-friendly fuel Singapore has a Green Vehicle Rebate (GVR) for users of CNG technology. First introduced in January 2001, the GVR grants a 40% discount on the Open Market Value (OMV) cost of newly registered green passenger vehicles. This initiative will end at the end of 2012 as the government believes the 'critical mass' of CNG vehicles would then have been built up.

The Ministry of Transport of Myanmar passed a law in 2005 which required that all public transport vehicles - buses, trucks and taxis, be converted to run on CNG. The Government permitted several private companies to handle the conversion of existing diesel and petrol cars, and also to begin importing CNG variants of buses and taxis. Accidents and rumours of accidents, partly fueled by Myanmar's position in local hydrocarbon politics,[20] has discouraged citizens from using CNG vehicles, although now almost every taxi and public bus in Yangon, Myanmar's largest city, run on CNG. CNG stations have been set up around Yangon and other cities, but electricity shortages mean that vehicles may have to queue up for hours to fill their gas containers.[21] The Burmese opposition movements are against the conversion to CNG, as they accuse the companies as being proxies of the junta, and also that the petrodollars earned by the regime would go towards the defense sector, rather than towards improving the infrastructure or welfare of the people.

In Malaysia, the use of CNG was originally introduced for taxicabs and airport limousines during the late-1990s, when new taxis were launched with CNG engines while taxicab operators were encouraged to send in existing taxis for full engine conversions. The practice of using CNG remained largely confined to taxicabs predominantly in the Klang Valley and Penang due to a lack of interest. No incentives were offered for those besides taxicab owners to use CNG engines, while government subsidies on petrol and diesel made conventional road vehicles cheaper to use in the eyes of the consumers. Petronas, Malaysia's state-owned oil company, also monopolises the provision of CNG to road users. As of July 2008, Petronas only operates about 150 CNG refueling stations, most of which are concentrated in the Klang Valley. At the same time, another 50 was expected by the end of 2008.[22]

As fuel subsidies were gradually removed in Malaysia starting June 5, 2008, the subsequent 41% price hike on petrol and diesel led to a 500% increase in the number of new CNG tanks installed.[23][24] National car maker Proton considered fitting its Waja, Saga and Persona models with CNG kits from Prins Autogassystemen by the end of 2008,[25] while a local distributor of locally assembled Hyundai cars offers new models with CNG kits.[26] Conversion centres, which also benefited from the rush for lower running costs, also perform partial conversions to existing road vehicles, allowing them to run on both petrol or diesel and CNG with a cost varying between RM3,500 to RM5,000 for passenger cars.[23][27]

In China, companies such as Sino-Energy are active in expanding the footprint of CNG filling stations in medium-size cities across the interior of the country, where at least two natural gas pipelines are operational.[citation needed]

In India, the Delhi government,in 2004 made it mandatory for all city buses and auto rickshaws to run on CNG with the intention of reducing air pollution

Middle East and Africa

Iran has one of the largest fleets of CNG vehicles and CNG distribution networks in the world. There are 1800 CNG fueling stations, with a total of 10.352 CNG nozzles. The number of CNG burning vehicles in Iran is about 2.6 million.[28]

Egypt is amongst the top ten countries in CNG adoption, with 128,754 CNG vehicles and 124 CNG fueling stations. Egypt was also the first nation in Africa and the Middle East to open a public CNG fueling station in January 1996.[29]

The vast majority 780000 have been produced as dual fuel vehicles by the auto manufacturer in the last two years, and the remainder have been converted utilizing after market conversion kits in workshops. There are 750 active refueling stations country wide with an additional 660 refueling stations under construction and expected to come on stream. Currently the major problem facing the industry as a whole is the building of refueling stations that is lagging behind dual fuel vehicle production, forcing many to use petrol instead.

Nigeria CNG started with a pilot project in Edo State in 2010 by plants owned by the Independent Petroleum Marketers Association of Nigeria (IPMAN) and as at October 2011 about 7 CNG stations have been Built in Edo State with about 6,000 cars running on CNG in Edo state Major companies such as Guinness, and hotels in Ikpoba hill are using CNG to power their Gensets .

Europe

File:Autobus a metano.jpg
CNG powered bus in Italy

The use of methane (CNG) for vehicles in Italy started in the 1930s and has continued off and on until today. Since 2008 there have been a large market expansion for natural gas vehicles (CNG and LPG) caused by the rise of gasoline prices and by the need to reduce air pollution emissions.[30]

Before 1995 the only way to have a CNG-powered car was by having it retrofitted with an after-market kit. A large producer was Landi Renzo, Tartarini Auto, Prins Autogassystemen, OMVL, BiGAs,... and AeB for electronic parts used by the most part of kit producer.

Landi Renzo and Tartarini selling vehicles in Asia and South America.

After 1995 bi-fuel cars (gasoline/CNG) became available from several major manufacturers. Currently Fiat, Opel, Volkswagen, Citroën, Renault, Volvo and Mercedes sell various car models and small trucks that are gasoline/CNG powered. Usually CNG parts used by major car manufacturers are actually produced by automotive aftermarket kit manufacturers, e.g. Fiat use Tartarini Auto components, Volkswagen use Teleflex GFI[31] and Landi Renzo components.

In Italy, there are more than 800 CNG stations.[32] In Germany, CNG-generated vehicles are expected to increase to two million units of motor-transport by the year 2020. The cost for CNG fuel is between 1/3 and 1/2 compared to other fossil fuels in Europe.[citation needed] in 2008 there are around 800 gas(CNG) stations in Germany

In Portugal there are 4 CNG refueling stations but 3 of them do not sell to the public. Only in Braga you can find it on the local city bus station (TUB).

In Turkey, Ankara has 1050 CNG buses.

In Hungary there are 4 public CNG refueling stations in the cities Budapest, Szeged, Pécs and Győr. The public transportation company of Szeged runs buses mainly on CNG.

In Bulgaria, there are 96 CNG refueling stations as of July 2011. One can be found in most of Bulgaria's big towns.[33] In the capital Sofia there are 22 CNG stations making it possibly the city with the most publicly available CNG stations in Europe. There are also quite a few in Plovdiv, Stara Zagora and Veliko Tarnovo as well as in the towns on the Black Sea - Varna, Burgas, Nesebar and Kavarna. CNG vehicles are becoming more and more popular in the country. The fuel is mostly used by taxi drivers because of its much lower price compared to petrol.

In Macedonia, there is one CNG station located in the capital Skopje, but it is not for public use. Only twenty buses of the local Public Transport Company have been fitted to use a mixture of diesel and CNG. The first commercial CNG station in Skopje is in the advanced stage of development and is expected to start operation in July 2011.

In Serbia, there are 4 public CNG refuelling station in the capital Belgrade and in the towns of Pančevo, Kruševac and Čačak.

In Slovenia, there is only 1 public CNG refuelling station in the capital Ljubljana.

In Croatia, there is only one CNG station situated close to the center of Zagreb.[34] At least 60 CNG buses are in use as a form of a public transport (Zagreb public transport services).

In Sweden there are currently 90 CNG filling stations available to the public (as compared to about 10 LPG filling stations), primarily located in the southern and western parts of the country as well the Mälardalen region[35] Another 70-80 CNG filling stations are under construction or in a late stage of planning (completions 2009-2010). Several of the planned filling stations are located in the northern parts of the country, which will greatly improve the infrastructure for CNG car users.[36] There are approx. 14,500 CNG vehicles in Sweden (2007), of which approx. 13,500 are passenger cars and the remainder includes buses and trucks.[37] In Stockholm, the public transportation company SL currently operates 50 CNG buses but have a capacity to operate 500.[38] The Swedish government recently prolonged its subsidies for the development of CNG filling stations, from 2009-12-31 to 2010-12-31.[39]

In Spain the EMT Madrid bus service use CNG motors in 351 regular buses. Is rare to see another kind of CNG vehicle, and there's no CNG refueling stations.

As of 2010, there are 25 public CNG filling stations in the Czech Republic, mainly in the big cities.[40] Local bus manufacturers SOR Libchavy and Tedom produce CNG versions of their vehicles, with roof-mounted tanks.

North America

File:2009 Honda Civic NGV--DC.jpg
The Honda Civic GX is factory-built to run on CNG and it is available in several U.S. regional markets.
File:Metrobus powered with CNG 5198 DCA 03 2009.jpg
Buses powered with CNG are common in the United States.

Canada

Canada is a large producer of natural gas, so it follows that CNG is used in Canada as an economical motor fuel. Canadian industry has developed CNG-fueled truck and bus engines, CNG-fueled transit buses, and light trucks and taxis. Both CNG and propane refueling stations are not difficult to find in major centres.

Fuelmaker Corp of Toronto, the Honda-owned manufacturer of CNG auto refueling units, was forced into bankruptcy by parent Honda USA for an unspecified reason in 2009.[41] The various assets of Fuelmaker were subsequently acquired by Fuel Systems Corp of Santa Ana, CA.

United States

In the US, federal tax credits are available for buying a new CNG vehicle. Use of CNG varies from state to state, only 34 states have at least one CNG fueling site.[42] In California, CNG is used extensively in local city and county fleets, as well as public transportation (city/school buses), and there are 90 public fueling stations in Southern California alone. Compressed natural gas is available at 30-60% less than the cost of gasoline, as a rule of thumb, in much of California.

The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority was running 360 CNG buses as early as in 2007, and is the largest user in the state.[43]

Personal use of CNG is a small niche market currently, though with current tax incentives and a growing number of public fueling stations available, it is experiencing unprecedented growth. The state of Utah offers a subsidised statewide network of CNG filling stations at a rate of $0.85/gge,[44] while gasoline is above $4.00/gal. Elsewhere in the nation, retail prices average around $2.50/gge, with home refueling units compressing gas from residential gas lines for approx $1.50/gge. Other than aftermarket conversions, and government used vehicle auctions, the only currently produced CNG vehicle in the US is the Honda Civic GX sedan, which is made in limited numbers and available only in a few states.

An initiative, known as Pickens Plan, calls for the expansion of the use of CNG as a standard fuel for heavy vehicles has been recently started by oilman and entrepreneur T. Boone Pickens. California voters defeated Proposition 10 in the 2008 General Election by a significant (59.8% to 40.2%) margin. Proposition 10 was a $5 Billion bond measure that, among other things, would have given rebates to state residents that purchase CNG vehicles.

Congress has encouraged conversion of cars to CNG with a tax credits of up to 50% of the auto conversion cost and the CNG home filling station cost. However, while CNG is much cleaner fuel, the conversion requires a type certificate from the EPA. Meeting the requirements of a type certificate can cost up to $50,000.

Oceania

File:ACTION (BUS 490) - Custom Coaches 'CB60 Evo II' bodied Scania K230UB (CNG).jpg
K230UB CNG bus currently used as part of the "Scania Koala CNG Bus Trial" at ACTION in Canberra.

During the 1970s and 1980s, CNG was commonly used in New Zealand in the wake of the oil crises, but fell into decline after petrol prices receded. At the peak of natural gas use, 10 percent of New Zealand's cars were converted, around 110,000 vehicles.[45]

File:Custom Coaches CB60 Evo II bodied Mercedes-Benz O500LE CNG bus (Sydney Buses) 01.jpg
A Mercedes-Benz OC500LE (with Custom Coaches bodywork) running on CNG, operated by Sydney Buses in Sydney, Australia.

Brisbane Transport and Transperth in Australia have both adopted a policy of purchasing only CNG buses in future. Transperth is purchasing 451 Mercedes-Benz OC500LE buses and is undertaking trials with articulated CNG buses from Scania, MAN, and Irisbus, while Brisbane Transport has purchased 216 Scania L94UB and 240 MAN 18.310 models as well as 30 MAN NG 313 articulated CNG buses. The State Transit Authority of New South Wales (operating under the name "Sydney Buses") operates 102 Scania L113CRB buses, two Mercedes-Benz O405 buses and 300 Mercedes-Benz O405NH buses and are now taking delivery of 255 Euro 5-compliant Mercedes-Benz OC500LEs.[46]

In the 1990s Benders Busways of Geelong, Victoria trialled CNG buses for the Energy Research and Development Corporation.[47]

Martin Ferguson, Ollie Clark, and Noel Childs featured on ABC 7.30 Report raising the issue of CNG as an overlooked transport fuel option in Australia, highlighting the large volumes of LNG currently being exported from the North West Shelf in light of the cost of importing crude oil to Australia.[48]

References

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  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 "Natural Gas Vehicle Statistics: NGV Count - Ranked Numerically as at December 2009". International Association for Natural Gas Vehicles. http://www.iangv.org/tools-resources/statistics.html. Retrieved 2010-04-27.
  3. ↑ "Market Studies Series, GNC". Consulate of the Argentinian Republic, Mumbai, 2009, in Spanish. http://www.cgmum.co.in/GNC.pdf. Retrieved 2011-01-03.
  4. ↑ Envocare: Environment, Recycling, Ethical Investment, Alternative Energy
  5. ↑ http://www.ngvc.org/about_ngv/index.html
  6. ↑ "Chugging along: After 13 years, Napa Valley Wine Train rolls to a profit - Jim Doyle - November 22, 2002". The San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2002/11/22/NB43114.DTL. Retrieved 2008-11-09.
  7. ↑ "Napa Valley Wine Train Tests CNG Locomotive - Tech.Winetrain - May 15, 2008". http://winetrain.com/news/node/4. Retrieved 2008-08-20.[dead link]
  8. ↑ "The First CNG Train Starts Functioning in Peru - Paula Alvarado - June 21, 2005". http://www.treehugger.com/files/2005/06/the_first_cng_t.php. Retrieved 2008-08-20.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Source: Gas Authority of India Limited
  10. ↑ Source: California Air Resources Board
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  12. ↑ "How Safe is Natural Gas?". http://alternativefuels.about.com/od/naturalgaspropane/a/safenaturalgas.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-08.
  13. ↑ "Fighting CNG fires" (PDF). http://www.firetrainingresources.net/items/CNGAutoFire-FIREFIGHTERNEARMISScompressedpics.pdf. Retrieved 2008-05-08.
  14. ↑ US National Science Foundation (NSF)
  15. ↑ US National Science Foundation (NSF)
  16. ↑ http://www.ngvc.org/about_ngv/index.html
  17. ↑ http://www.ngvc.org/about_ngv/index.html
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 R. Fernandes (2008-08-20). "Latin America NGVs: An Update Report". International Association of Natural Gas Vehicles. http://www.ngvglobal.com/en/country-reports/latin-america-ngvs-an-update-report-02074.html. Retrieved 2008-10-11.[dead link]
  19. ↑ GNVNews (November 2006). "Montadores Investem nos Carros á GNV" (in Portuguese). Institutio Brasileiro de Petroleo e Gas. http://www.bigas.com.br/sistema/?modulo=gnvnews&acao=abrir&id=22. Retrieved 2008-09-20.
  20. ↑ The Irrawaddy news magazine, Burma, Myanmar, Southeast Asia
  21. ↑ 人民网 (Chinese)
  22. ↑ "More natural gas stations needed, say motorists". The Star Online. 2008-06-13. http://thestar.com.my/metro/story.asp?file=/2008/6/13/central/21532536. Retrieved 2008-08-04.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Rashvinjeet S. Bedi (2008-06-08). "Motorists rush to check out NGV system". The Star Online. http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/6/8/focus/21482211. Retrieved 2008-08-04.
  24. ↑ Vinesh, Derrick (2008-06-25). "Long queue for NGV kits". The Star Online. http://thestar.com.my/metro/story.asp?file=/2008/6/25/north/21635112. Retrieved 2008-08-04.
  25. ↑ "Proton cars to come with NGV kits". The Star Online. 2008-06-28. http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/6/28/nation/21685753. Retrieved 2008-08-04.
  26. ↑ Elaine Ang and Leong Hung Yee (2008-07-07). "Moving towards hybrid vehicles". The Star Online. http://biz.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/7/7/business/21712982. Retrieved 2008-08-04.
  27. ↑ Perumal, Elan (2008-06-13). "Rush to fit natural gas gadget". The Star Online. http://thestar.com.my/metro/story.asp?file=/2008/6/13/central/21532553. Retrieved 2008-08-04.
  28. ↑ http://shana.ir/179344-en.html
  29. ↑ Allen, Robin (1999-05-11). "New fuel cleans up: CNG: Compressed natural gas is rapidly gaining popularity with drivers; Surveys edition". Financial Times. p. 17.
  30. ↑ http://www.euromobility.org/documenti/strumenti/Benefici_metano.pdf
  31. ↑ Teleflex Power Systems
  32. ↑ Metanoauto.com (Italian)
  33. ↑ Remix Bulgaria Ltd - exclusive representative of the Italian companies SICOM and BRC , methane stations, producing full range of stations , building and putting in operation o...
  34. ↑ CNG stations and Prices for the US, Canada and Europe
  35. ↑ .Svenska Gasföreningen är en branschorganisation för energigaser (Swedish)
  36. ↑ Svenska Gasföreningen är en branschorganisation för energigaser (Swedish)
  37. ↑ Svenska Gasföreningen är en branschorganisation för energigaser (Swedish)
  38. ↑ IDG.se (Swedish)
  39. ↑ Branschnyheter | Branschtidningar med nyheter online (Swedish)
  40. ↑ European NGV Statistics - NGVA Europe
  41. ↑ http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2009/04/06/455943.html
  42. ↑ CNG Fueling Sites - Compressed Natural Gas Fueling Locations
  43. ↑ http://www.mbta.com/about_the_mbta/news_events/?id=14023&month=&year=
  44. ↑ "Natural Gas Prices in the US". http://cngprices.com. Retrieved 2008-06-07.
  45. ↑ Script error
  46. ↑ "Mercedes-Benz OC500LE - CNG". Sydney Buses. New South Wales Government. http://www.sydneybuses.info/corporate/bus-fleet/mercedes-benz-oc500le.htm. Retrieved 28 August 2010.[dead link]
  47. ↑ "NGV Bus Demonstration - H Bender - December 1993" (PDF). http://www.eidn.com.au/PDF/ERDC204.pdf. Retrieved 2007-07-26.
  48. ↑ "Natural gas: the future of fuel?". The 7.30 Report. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 29 April 2008. http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2007/s2230825.htm. Retrieved 28 August 2010.
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