Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines

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  10. Oil pipelines in Canada
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Northern Gateway</br>West Line
Location
Country Canada
General direction west
From Bruderheim, Alberta
To Kitimat, British Columbia
General information
Type crude oil
Owner Enbridge
Expected 2015
Technical information
Length 1,177 km (Bad rounding hereScript error mi)
Maximum discharge 0.525 Mbbl/d (~Expression error: Unexpected < operator.Expression error: Unexpected < operator.Expression error: Unexpected < operator.Expression error: Unexpected < operator.Expression error: Unexpected < operator.Expression error: Unexpected < operator.Expression error: Unexpected < operator.Expression error: Unexpected < operator.Expression error: Unexpected < operator.Expression error: Unexpected < operator.Expression error: Unexpected < operator.Expression error: Unexpected < operator.Expression error: Unexpected < operator.Expression error: Unexpected < operator.×10^Expression error: Unexpected < operator. t/a)
Diameter 36 in (Script error mm)
Northern Gateway</br>East Line
Location
Country Canada
General direction west–east
From Kitimat, British Columbia
To Bruderheim, Alberta
General information
Type natural gas condensate
Owner Enbridge
Expected 2015
Technical information
Length 1,177 km (Bad rounding hereScript error mi)
Maximum discharge 193,000 barrels (30,700 m3) of condensate per day
Diameter 20 in (Script error mm)

The Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines Project is a proposal to construct twin pipeline running from Bruderheim, Alberta, to Kitimat, British Columbia. The eastbound pipeline would import natural gas condensate and the westbound pipeline would export crude oil and bitumen from the Athabasca oil sands to the new marine terminal in Kitimat where it will be transported to Asian markets by oil tankers. The project was proposed in mid-2000s and has been postponed several times. The project is being developed by Enbridge Inc., a Canadian crude oil and liquids pipeline company.

The pipeline and terminal, if completed, would provide 104 permanent operating positions created with Northern Gateway and 113 positions with the associated marine services.[1] First Nations groups, environmentalists and oil sands opponents, among others, denounce the project because of immense environmental, social and cultural risks posed by the pipeline. Proponents argue the pipeline will instead provide aboriginal groups with equity ownership, training, employment, Community Trust and stewardship programs. The Douglas Channel that leads into Kitimat and surrounding northwest coast waters pose safety and weather hazards for oil tankers.

The pipeline has been heavily criticized by native groups, as the pipeline traverses much of their traditional lands and threatens habitat for wild salmon.[2] Groups like the Yinka Dene Alliance have been organized to campaign against the project. In December 2010, over 61 First Nations bands in British Columbia, including many along the proposed pipeline route, signed the Save The Fraser Declaration in opposition to the project.[3] The pipeline has also been criticized by several non-governmental organizations (NGOs), citing Enbridge's spotty history with pipeline installation and numerous spills.[4]

History

The project was proposed in mid-2000s and has been postponed several times. It was announced in 2006. Enbridge signed a cooperation agreement with PetroChina in 2005 to ensure the utilization of pipeline capacity.[5] PetroChina agreed to buy about 200 thousand barrels per day (32×10^3 m3/d) transported through the pipeline. In 2007, however, PetroChina withdrew from the projects because of delays in starting the project.[6]

On December 4, 2009, Canada's National Energy Board (NEB) and the Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency (CEAA) issued the Joint Review Panel Agreement and the terms of reference for the environmental and regulatory review of the Northern Gateway Pipelines.[7]

Enbridge Northern Gateway submitted its project application to the National Energy Board on May 27, 2010. The eight-volume regulatory application will be assessed by a Joint Review Panel (JRP) established by the Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency (CEAA) and the National Energy Board (NEB).[8] On January 19, 2011, the JRP requested that Enbridge provide additional information on the design and risk assessment of the pipelines due to the difficult access and unique geographic location of the proposed project.[9]

Technical description

The planned project consists of two parallel pipelines between an inland terminal at Bruderheim, Alberta, and a marine terminal near Kitimat, British Columbia, each with a length of 1,177 kilometers (731 mi). Crude oil produced from oil sands would be transported from Bruderheim to Kitimat, while natural gas condensate would move in the opposite direction.[7] Condensate would be used as a diluent in oil refining to decrease the viscosity of heavy crude oil from oil sands, and to make it easier to transport by pipelines.[10][11] About 520 kilometers (320 mi) of pipeline would run in Alberta and 657 kilometers (408 mi) in British Columbia.[7] The crude oil pipeline would have a diameter of 36 inches (910 mm) and a capacity of 525 thousand barrels per day (83.5×10^3 m3/d). The condensate pipeline would have a diameter of 20 inches (510 mm) with a capacity of 193 thousand barrels per day (30.7×10^3 m3/d). Enbridge expects these pipelines to be completed by 2015.[12] The project, including a marine terminal in Kitimat, is expected to cost C$5.5 billion.[13] The Kitimat terminal would comprise two tanker berth platforms, one serving Very Large Crude Carriers and another serving Suezmax-type condensate tankers. The terminal would include oil and condensate tanks and a pump station.[11]

Environmental assessment

As an inter-provincial pipeline, the project requires a public regulatory review process conducted by JRP. The JRP will provide a joint environmental assessment and regulatory process that will contribute to decision making.[7] The first session of JRP was held on January 10, 2012 in Kitamaat Village, British Columbia.[13]

Other types of studies, such as socio-economic assessments, are also necessary prior to project approval. However, under the current regulations, the recommendations made in the assessments are non-binding and the project could be approved even if significant adverse environmental and socio-economic effects were found.[14] At the provincial level, it may also be regulated by the British Columbia Environmental Assessment Office (BC EAO).[citation needed]

Competing projects

Kinder Morgan Energy Partners is operating the 1,150-kilometre (710 mi) long Trans Mountain pipeline system from Edmonton, Alberta to terminals and refineries in central British Columbia, the Vancouver area and the Puget Sound region in Washington.[15] The company is planning to double the pipeline's capacity up to 600,000 barrels per day (95,000 m3/d).[16] According to Kinder Morgan, expanding the existing pipeline is cheaper than Northern Gateway and it avoids opposition as experienced by the Enbridge's project.[17]

Another competing projects is TransCanada's Keystone XL pipeline.[18]

Issues

Impact on Aboriginal groups

The pipeline has been heavily criticized by Aboriginal groups, as the pipeline traverses much of their traditional lands and threatens habitat for wild salmon, which they have relied upon for sustenance for thousands of years.[2] Groups like the Yinka Dene Alliance have been organized to campaign against the project. In December 2010, over 61 First Nations bands in British Columbia, including many along the proposed pipeline route, signed the Save The Fraser Declaration in opposition to the project.[3]

Enbridge has announced that it is offering aboriginal groups within 80 kilometers of the line a 10% equity stake in the project to secure First Nations support for the project. This stake is to be equally divided between BC and Alberta bands.[19][20] Refusing to name individual bands, Enbridge claims that 60% of the affected first nations of signed onto the deal. However, it has been revealed that not a single band who's land is being directly traversed by the pipeline has signed on.[21] In late 2011, Enbridge announced that they struck a deal with the Gitxsan Treaty Society for a seven million dollar stake in the project. However, this deal was quickly overturned following the closure of the Gitxsan Treaty Society Office by opponents of the deal. The Enbridge deal was subsequently rejected in writing by 45 Gitxsan chiefs, who claimed that the office had misrepresented the Gitxsan people. Only one chief in BC has publicly supported the proposed pipeline, Chief Elmer Derrick. Derrick was the chief negotiator for the Gitxsan Treaty Society before its closure in 2011. Derrick has since been stripped of his post as chief negotiator for the GTS.[22][23][24][25][26]

Several First Nations (including the Haisla, Gitga'at, Gitxaala, Wet'suwet’en, Nadleh Whut'en, Nak'azdli, and Takla Lake) have publicly stated (via the Joint Review Panel or in the media) that neither the Crown nor the established assessment process for Enbridge's project have adequately met their duty to consult and accommodate, or respect their Aboriginal Rights and Title.[27]

First nations have claimed that their consent is required for this project to proceed, although a common-law precedents, including a 1997 ruling by the Supreme Court of Canada, do not indicate that aboriginals with established title to the land in question have a blanket veto on land-use decisions. Legal experts stated that while Natives probably don't have the legal ability to stop a major energy megaproject, it is unclear how Canada's courts might deal with such a legal challenge.[28]

Impact to economy

A report put forth by economist and former Insurance Corporation of BC CEO, Robyn Allan, in early 2012, states that this proposed pipeline could actually hurt non-oil based sectors of the Canadian economy. Allan stated in the report that the project's success depends on continual yearly oil price increases, by about $3/barrel. She also stated that an increase in oil prices will lead to "a decrease in family purchasing power, higher prices for industries who use oil as an input into their production process, higher rates of unemployment in non-oil industry related sectors, a decline in real GDP, a decline in government revenues, an increase in inflation, an increase in interest rates and further appreciation of the Canadian dollar." [29][30]

Tanker moratorium in British Columbia

File:Proposed tanker routes and tanker prohibition zone.jpg
Proposed oil tanker routes to service the Northern Gateway Pipelines, and the tanker prohibition zone proposed by the federal Liberal Party.
There has been an informal moratorium on large tanker traffic in Dixon Entrance, Hecate Strait, and the Queen Charlotte Sound since 1972.[31] Since then, the federal and provincial governments have commissioned periodic studies to reassess whether to lift the tanker moratorium. Each study has concluded that the risk of tanker spills is too high. In 2003–2004, the federal government initiated a three-part review process, including a scientific review by the Royal Society of Canada (the RSC report), a First Nations engagement process (the Brooks Report), and a public review process (the Priddle Panel). The RSC report concluded that "the present restriction on tanker traffic along the West Coast of British Columbia should be maintained for the time being[32]

In 2009, the Canadian government's position was that there is no moratorium on tanker traffic on the coast of British Columbia.[33] However, on December 7, 2010, Canada's environmental watchdog said that "Canada isn't ready to respond to a major oil spill emanating from a tanker or other vessel."[34]

In December 2010, the federal House of Commons passed a non-binding motion to ban bulk oil tanker traffic in the Dixon Entrance, Hecate Strait and Queen Charlotte Sound.[35][36][37][38]

Enbridge's history of incidents

The pipeline has been criticized by several non-governmental organizations (NGOs), citing Enbridge's spotty history with pipeline installation and numerous spills. These NGOs point to numerous incidents.

  • 2011 On the first day of the public hearings into the company’s planned Northern Gateway pipeline, U.S. pipeline regulators informed Enbridge of the leak from its Stingray pipeline. Enbridge claimed they can continue operations at the Stingray pipeline which carries up to 560-million cubic feet a day of natural gas from offshore wells in the Gulf of Mexico. Bubbles from the pipeline leak were observed about 100 kilometres from the Louisiana coast.[39]
  • 2008 Pipeline installation in Wisconsin, where over 500 regulatory violations were incurred in one year of construction. Enbridge has also had over 600 recorded leaks and breaks over the last 10 years.[40][41]

The Pembina Institute has published a report saying that the pipeline will have adverse impacts on land, air, and water.[42] Some of Enbridge's shareholders have asked the company to investigate the unique risks and liabilities associated with the project.[43][44]

  • 1991 A Lakehead (now Enbridge) crude oil pipeline near Grand Rapids, Minnesota ruptured on March 2. More than 40,000 barrels of crude went into the Prairie River. About 4 million US gallons (15,000 m3) of oil had spilled from that pipeline from the early 1970s to 1991, per Minnesota records. A resident in the area noticed the smell of oil and alerted the local fire department. Approximately 300 people living in homes near the site were evacuated for safety, but were allowed to return to their homes later in the night.[45][46][47][48][49][50]
  • 1979 A 34 inch diameter Lakehead (now Enbridge) pipeline ruptured near Bemidji, Minnesota, leaking 10,700 barrels (1,700 m3) of crude oil on August 20. The pipeline company initially recovers 60 percent of the spilled oil. Later in 1988, the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency required Lakehead to extract more oil using new technology; removal continued on, with studies still underway in the area.[45][51][52][53]

Public Opinion

Multiple public opinion surveys, sponsored by Enbridge, Ethical Oil and other oil interests, have been conducted on the Northern Gateway pipeline. An Abacus Data survey released in January for Sun Media found that 38% of Canadians were in support of building the pipeline, while 29% were opposed. Another 33% said they neither support nor oppose the pipeline.[54]

Another survey conducted by Forum Research in mid-January found that the share of Canadians who opposed the pipeline had fallen to 43%, from 51% in a December survey. Support for the project remained stable (at 37%, up within margin of error from 35%). 20% were undecided (up from 15% in December).[55]

In British Columbia, a March 2012 survey by Mustel Group reported increased opposition to the Enbridge proposal. In their B.C.-wide telephone survey sponsored by Kennedy Stewart (New Democrat MP), opposition had grown to 42%, from 32% in an Ipsos-Reid online survey sponsored by Enbridge in December 2011.[56][57] However, because their methodologies and context differed, the reported growth in opposition is difficult to substantiate. Ipsos-Reid conducted an online custom survey for Enbridge. Mustel Group included a single question on a shared-cost omnibus telephone survey, the same survey used in their political polling.[58]

Justason Market Intelligence released a poll in March 2012 that focused on the role of tankers in this pipeline proposal. The poll found 66% of B.C. residents opposed to Enbridge's proposal to transport oil through British Columbia's inside coastal waters, including 50% who registered strong disapproval.[59]

An April survey by Forum Research claimed an increase in opposition among B.C. residents to 52% from 46% reported by Forum Research in January.[60] However, this increase is not substantiated. In January, Forum polled 1,211 residents from across Canada; B.C. was a smaller subsample of that national poll.[61] In April, Forum polled 1,069 British Columbians.[62] Although the B.C. sample size for the January poll is not provided, the reported six-percentage-point increase in opposition is undoubtedly within margin of error.

Joint Review Panel

Sheila Leggett, chairwoman of the Joint Review Panel on the Northern Gateway pipelines, received criticism when it opened the review panel to hear testimony not just from Canadians, but globally.[63] The panel had over 4500 signees, including Citgo (the petroleum company owned by Hugo Chávez's Venezuelan government), "Cave Man", "Captain Jack Sparrow" and 20 supposedly different people with the same e-mail address.[64]

References

  1. ↑ "Benefits for Canadians"
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Polczer, Shaun (2010-01-21). "Panel struck to review pipeline to West Coast. Enbridge plan to undergo scrutiny". Calgary Herald. http://www.calgaryherald.com/business/Panel+struck+review+pipeline+West+Coast/2467127/story.html. Retrieved 2010-02-14.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "B.C. natives protest Enbridge pipeline". The Canadian Press. 2010-12-02. http://www.cbc.ca/canada/british-columbia/story/2010/12/02/bc-first-nations-enbridge-pipeline.html. Retrieved 2010-12-08.
  4. ↑ Martin, Tim (2010-07-28). "Three million litres of oil spill from Enbridge pipeline into Michigan river". Associated Press (Toronto). http://www.thestar.com/news/world/article/840975--three-millions-litres-of-oil-spill-from-enbridge-pipeline-into-michigan-river. Retrieved 2010-12-08.
  5. ↑ Jeffrey Jones (2008-02-21). "Enbridge rekindles oil sands pipeline plan". Reuters. http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKN2148130320080221. Retrieved 2010-02-14.
  6. ↑ "PetroChina Withdraws from Canadian Pipeline Project". AFX News Limited (Downstream Today). 2007-07-13. http://www.downstreamtoday.com/news/article.aspx?a_id=4757. Retrieved 2010-02-14.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 "Northern Gateway Pipeline Project Joint Review Panel Agreement Issued" (Press release). Canada News Centre. 2009-12-04. http://news.gc.ca/web/article-eng.do?m=/index&nid=500329. Retrieved 2010-02-14.
  8. ↑ "Enbridge files pipeline project for review". Kitimat Sentinel. 2010-05-28. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. http://web.archive.org/web/20100820032144/http://www.bclocalnews.com/bc_north/northernsentinel/news/95121114.html. Retrieved 2010-05-28.
  9. ↑ O'Meara, Dina (2011-01-19). "Review Panel Demands More Details From Enbridge". Calgary Herald. http://www.calgaryherald.com/Review+panel+demands+more+details+from+Enbridge+Northern+Gateway+pipeline/4134970/story.html#ixzz1BYVE3Zkd. Retrieved 2011-01-19.
  10. ↑ Dina O'Meara (2010-01-06). "Tens of billions to flow to pipelines in coming decades". Calgary Herald. http://www.calgaryherald.com/business/Tens+billions+flow+pipelines+coming+decades/2410643/story.html. Retrieved 2010-02-14.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Gateway Pipeline Project". Downstream Today. 2008-10-07. http://www.downstreamtoday.com/(S(spkjtg55iu23we55gsibtz55))/Projects/Project.aspx?project_id=135. Retrieved 2010-02-14.
  12. ↑ "Enbridge unfazed by oil sands chill". Upstream Online (NHST Media Group). 2008-11-21. (subscription required). http://www.upstreamonline.com/live/article167023.ece. Retrieved 2010-02-14.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Meissner, Dirk (January 12, 2012). "Northern Gateway hearings move on, aboriginal blockade of treaty office stays". Canadian Business. The Canadian Press. http://www.canadianbusiness.com/article/65555--northern-gateway-hearings-on-move-to-terrace-b-c. Retrieved January 12, 2012.
  14. ↑ Canadian Environmental Assessment Act, R.S.C. 1999, c. 33, s. 37
  15. ↑ Clark, Aaron (2011-12-20). "Kinder Morgan Trans Mountain pipeline oversubscribed by 63%". The Vancouver Sun. Bloomberg. http://www.vancouversun.com/business/Kinder+Morgan+Trans+Mountain+pipeline+oversubscribed/5887443/story.html. Retrieved 2012-01-19.
  16. ↑ Youds, Mike (2012-01-18). "Trans Mountain twinning decision pending; pipeline goes through Kamloops". Kamloops Daily News. http://www.kamloopsnews.ca/article/20120118/KAMLOOPS0101/120119769/-1/kamloops01/trans-mountain-twinning-decision-pending-pipeline-goes-through. Retrieved 2012-01-19.
  17. ↑ Anderson, Mitchell (2011-06-02). "Kinder Morgan's Grand Plan to Pipe Oil Sands Crude". The Tyee. http://thetyee.ca/News/2011/06/02/KinderMorganGrandPlan/. Retrieved 2012-01-19.
  18. ↑ Olson, Bradley (2012-01-19). "TransCanada May Be ‘Dead Money’ After U.S. Spurns Keystone XL". Bloomberg. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-01-18/transcanada-dead-money-if-keystone-xl-can-t-be-salvaged.html. Retrieved 2012-01-19.
  19. ↑ Haggett, Scott (2008-10-24). "Enbridge mulls pipeline stake for native groups". Reuters. http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKN2453723820081024. Retrieved 2010-02-14.
  20. ↑ "Majority of aboriginal communities sign on to Northern Gateway". CBC News. 2012-06-05. http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/northern-gateway/story/2012/06/05/bc-gateway-pipeline-first-nations.html.
  21. ↑ "Some first nations want equity in Northern Gateway, but opposition remains". The Globe and Mail (Toronto). 2012-06-05. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/british-columbia/some-first-nations-want-equity-in-northern-gateway-but-opposition-remains/article4234232/.
  22. ↑ Uproar in Gitxsan First Nation after support for Enbridge's Northern Gateway pipeline announced by Mike Hager, Peter O’Neil and Gordon Hoekstra, Vancouver Sun, December 5, 2011.
  23. ↑ Enbridge pipeline deal with Gitxsan Treaty Society beginning to unravel by Scott Haggett And Jeffrey Jones, With A File From Vivian Luk; Reuters (reprinted in The Province), December 7, 2011.
  24. ↑ Gitxsan shut down treaty office, CBC Radio, Wednesday, December 7, 2011.
  25. ↑ Gitxsan Treaty Society doesn't have authority to sign deals with Enbridge by Neil J. Sterritt, Vancouver Sun, January 6, 2012.
  26. ↑ "Search". The Globe and Mail (Toronto). 2012-01-18. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/lone-bc-chief-backs-enbridge-pipeline-to-bring-in-more-jobs/article2303294/.
  27. ↑ "Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines: Community Opposition and Investment Risk. Executive Summary" (PDF). ForestEthics. October 2010. http://www.forestethics.org/downloads/Enbr_investor_summary_oct2010_Final.pdf. Retrieved 2011-11-28.
  28. ↑ Atleo says Enbridge requires 'consent' of First Nations for Northern Gateway, Postmedia News (published in the Calgary Herarld), January 27, 2012.
  29. ↑ "Economist Calls Gateway Pipeline an Inflationary 'Threat'". 2012-02-02. http://thetyee.ca/News/2012/02/02/Northern-Gateway-Inflationary-Threat/. Retrieved 2012-02-09.
  30. ↑ "Northern Gateway would hurt economy, study says". CBC News. 2012-02-02. http://www.cbc.ca/news/business/story/2012/02/02/northern-gateway-oil-price-shock.html. Retrieved 2012-02-09.
  31. ↑ Lindell, Rebecca (2010-08-28). "Tanker Traffic in a Spill Sensitive World". Globe and Mail (Toronto). http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/british-columbia/tanker-traffic-in-an-oil-spill-sensitive-world/article1663756/. Retrieved 2010-12-09.
  32. ↑ "Report of the Expert Panel on Science Issues Related to Oil and Gas Activities, Offshore British Columbia". The Royal Society of Canada, xix. http://www.rsc.ca/documents/fullreportEN.pdf. Retrieved 2012-01-14.
  33. ↑ "Northern Gateway Pipeline Project Joint Review Panel Agreement and Terms of Reference". Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency. http://www.ceaa.gc.ca/050/document-eng.cfm?document=39962. Retrieved 2012-01-09.
  34. ↑ [1][dead link]
  35. ↑ "B.C. oil tanker ban motion passes in Commons". CBC News. 2010-12-07. http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2010/12/07/oil-tanker-motion.html?ref=rss. Retrieved 2010-12-08.
  36. ↑ "Victory for BC: NDP tanker ban motion passes the house" (Press release). New Democratic Party. 2010-12-07. http://www.ndp.ca/press/victory-for-bc-ndp-tanker-ban-motion-passes-house. Retrieved 2012-01-09.
  37. ↑ "EDITED HANSARD • NUMBER 109". Parliament of Canada. 2010-12-02. http://www.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?Language=E&Mode=1&Parl=40&Ses=3&DocId=4844199. Retrieved 2012-01-14.
  38. ↑ "EDITED HANSARD • NUMBER 112". Parliament of Canada. 2010-12-07. http://www.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?Language=E&Mode=1&Parl=40&Ses=3&DocId=4859171. Retrieved 2012-01-14.
  39. ↑ Garth Woodworth (January 10, 2012). "Enbridge reports leak from U.S. pipeline as Northern Gateway hearings begin". Kitamaat Village, BC: Globe and Mail. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/enbridge-reports-leak-from-us-pipeline-as-northern-gateway-hearings-begin/article2298173/. Retrieved January 11, 2012.
  40. ↑ Adrangi, Maryam (2008-10-24). "Enbridge’s Dirty Oil Habit Put on Display for Investors". Toronto Media Co-op. http://toronto.mediacoop.ca/story/enbridge%E2%80%99s-dirty-oil-habit-put-display-investors/4770. Retrieved 2010-12-08.
  41. ↑ Ebner, David (2008-07-30). "Spill halted, Enbridge's reputation sullied". Globe and Mail (Toronto). http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/enbridge-was-warned-about-pipeline/article1656290/. Retrieved 2010-12-08.
  42. ↑ Polczer, Shaun (2010-01-19). "Pembina report faults pipeline to West Coast". Calgary Herald. http://www2.canada.com/calgaryherald/news/calgarybusiness/story.html?id=49a717b5-ee4c-46b3-879a-de97aa2f5180. Retrieved 2010-02-14.
  43. ↑ (PDF) Enbridge Shareholders Meeting. Final Transcript (Report). Enbridge. 2011-05-11. http://www.enbridge.com/InvestorRelations/~/media/Site%20Documents/Investor%20Relations/2011-05-11ENB_AGM_TranscriptFINAL.ashx. Retrieved 2012-01-13.
  44. ↑ "Enbridge Shareholders Worried About Oil Spills" (Press release). Dogwood Initiative. 2008-12-05. http://dogwoodinitiative.org/media-centre/media-releases/shareholders-engage-enbridge-on-gateway-project. Retrieved 2011-01-09.
  45. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named businessnorth.com
  46. ↑ State records show many Minnesota pipeline ruptures | Duluth News Tribune | Duluth, Minnesota
  47. ↑ http://pstrust.org/library/docs/ops_doc2.pdf
  48. ↑ IncidentNews: Lakehead Pipeline Company
  49. ↑ http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Q1lYAAAAIBAJ&sjid=_vkDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3829,387617&dq=lakehead+pipeline+spill&hl=en
  50. ↑ http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=K2pFAAAAIBAJ&sjid=UbwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5194,2089098&dq=lakehead+pipeline+spill&hl=en
  51. ↑ http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JTFPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jAIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6657,2195838&dq=lakehead+pipeline+spill&hl=en
  52. ↑ http://mn.water.usgs.gov/projects/bemidji/
  53. ↑ http://mn.water.usgs.gov/projects/bemidji/results/fact-sheet.pdf
  54. ↑ "Public Opinion on Northern Gateway". 2012-01-25. http://abacusdata.ca/2012/01/25/canadian-public-opinion-on-northern-gateway-and-keystone-xl-pipelines/. Retrieved 2012-01-29.
  55. ↑ "Harper Builds Oil Link With China After Obama Keystone ‘Slap’". 2012-01-25. http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-01-29/harper-builds-oil-link-with-china-after-obama-keystone-slap-.html. Retrieved 2012-01-29.
  56. ↑ O'Neil, Peter (March 28, 2012). "Opposition to oilsands pipeline growing in B.C., poll finds". Calgary Herald. http://www.calgaryherald.com/business/Opposition+oilsands+pipeline+growing+poll+finds/6374976/story.html. Retrieved March 28, 2012.
  57. ↑ O'Neil, Peter (5 January 2012). "B.C. residents support Northern Gateway pipeline: poll". National Post / Financial Post. http://business.financialpost.com/2012/01/05/b-c-residents-support-northern-gateway-pipeline-project-poll/. Retrieved 5 January 2012.
  58. ↑ Bailey, Ian (27 March 2012). "Poll gives NDP 8 point lead over B.C. Liberals". The Globe and Mail (Toronto). http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/british-columbia/bc-politics/poll-gives-ndp-8-point-lead-over-bc-liberals/article2382939/. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
  59. ↑ Hume, Peter (6 April 2012). "Hume: Pipeline opposition likely to grow as supertanker risk assessed". The Vancouver Sun. http://www.vancouversun.com/technology/Hume+Pipeline+opposition+likely+grow+supertanker+risk+assessed/6423196/story.html. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
  60. ↑ Hoekstra, Gordon. "More than half of B.C. residents oppose Northern Gateway pipeline, poll suggests". The Vancouver Sun. http://www.vancouversun.com/business/More+than+half+residents+oppose+Northern+Gateway+pipeline+poll+suggests/6450026/story.html. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
  61. ↑ "Harper Builds Oil Link With China After Obama Keystone 'Slap'". Bloomberg Businessweek. http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-02-03/harper-builds-oil-link-with-china-after-obama-keystone-slap-.html. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
  62. ↑ "Opposition to Northern Gateway pipeline, coastal oil tanker traffic up sharply". Forum Research. https://www.forumresearch.com/forms/News%20Archives/News%20Releases/01777_British_Columbia_-_Northern_Gateway_and_Tanker_Traffic_Issues_Poll_%28Forum_Research%29.pdf. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
  63. ↑ http://www.torontosun.com/2012/01/20/dont-talk-to-strangers
  64. ↑ http://blogs.canoe.ca/lilleyspad/contributor-columns/column-levant-foreign-money-influencing-canadian-oil-decisions/

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