File:Eutectic system phase diagram.svg
A phase diagram for a fictitious binary chemical mixture (with the two components denoted by α and β) used to depict the eutectic composition, temperature, and point. (L denotes the liquid state.)

A eutectic system is a mixture of chemical compounds or elements that has a single chemical composition that solidifies at a lower temperature than any other composition. This composition is known as the eutectic composition and the temperature is known as the eutectic temperature. On a phase diagram the intersection of the eutectic temperature and the eutectic composition gives the eutectic point.[1] Not all binary alloys have a eutectic point; for example, in the silver-gold system the melt temperature (liquidus) and freeze temperature (solidus) both increase monotonically as the mix changes from pure silver to pure gold.[2]

Eutectic reaction

File:Various eutectic structures.png
Four eutectic structures: A) lamellar B) rod-like C) globular D) acicular.

The eutectic reaction is defined as follows:[3]

\[\text{Liquid} \xrightarrow[\text{cooling}]{\text{eutectic temperature}} \alpha \,\, \text{solid solution} + \beta \,\, \text{solid solution}\]

This type of reaction is an invariant reaction, because it is in thermal equilibrium; another way to define this is the Gibbs free energy equals zero. Tangibly, this means the liquid and two solid solutions all coexist at the same time and are in chemical equilibrium. There is also a thermal arrest for the duration of the reaction.[3]

The resulting solid macrostructure from a eutectic reaction depends on a few factors. The most important factor is how the two solid solutions nucleate and grow. The most common structure is a lamellar structure, but other possible structures include rodlike, globular, and acicular.[4]

Non-eutectic compositions

Compositions of eutectic systems that are not the eutectic composition are commonly defined to be hypoeutectic or hypereutectic. Hypoeutectic composition are composition to the left of the eutectic composition and hypereutectic composition are compositions to the right.[3]

Types

Alloys

Eutectic alloys have two or more materials and have a eutectic composition. When a non-eutectic alloy solidifies, its components solidify at different temperatures, exhibiting a plastic melting range. A eutectic alloy solidifies at a single, sharp temperature. The phase transformations that occur while solidifying a given alloy can be understood by drawing a vertical line from the liquid phase to the solid phase on a phase diagram.

Some uses include:

Others

Sodium chloride and water form a eutectic mixture. It has a eutectic point of −21.2 C[5] and 23.3%[6] salt by mass. The eutectic nature of salt and water is exploited when salt is spread on roads to aid snow removal, or mixed with ice to produce low temperatures (for example, in traditional ice cream making).

60% NaNO3 and 40% KNO3 forms a eutectic mixture which is used in solar molten salt technology.[7]

Lidocaine and prilocaine, both solids at room temperature, form a eutectic that is an oil with a 16 °C (61 °F) melting point, used in eutectic mixture of local anesthetic (EMLA) preparations.

Minerals may form eutectic mixtures in igneous rocks,[8] giving rise to characteristic intergrowth textures such as that of granophyre.

Some inks are eutectic mixtures, allowing inkjet printers to operate at lower temperatures.[9]

Other critical points

Eutectoid

File:Phase diag iron carbon.PNG
Iron-carbon phase diagram, showing the eutectoid transformation between austenite (γ) and pearlite.

When the solution above the transformation point is solid, rather than liquid, an analogous eutectoid transformation can occur. For instance, in the iron-carbon system, the austenite phase can undergo a eutectoid transformation to produce ferrite and cementite, often in lamellar structures such as pearlite and bainite. This eutectoid point occurs at 723 °C (1,333 °F) and about 0.83% carbon.[10]

Peritectoid

A peritectoid transformation is a type of isothermal reversible reaction that have two solid phases reacting with each other upon cooling of a binary, ternary, ... , \(n\!\) alloy to create a completely different and single solid phase.[11] The reaction plays a key role in the order and decomposition of quasicrystalline phases in several alloy types.[12]

Peritectic

Peritectic transformations are also similar to eutectic reactions. Here, a liquid and solid phase of fixed proportions react at a fixed temperature to yield a single solid phase. Since the solid product forms at the interface between the two reactants, it can form a diffusion barrier and generally causes such reactions to proceed much more slowly than eutectic or eutectoid transformations. Because of this, when a peritectic composition solidifies it does not show the lamellar structure that is found with eutectic solidification.

Such a transformation exists in the iron-carbon system, as seen near the upper-left corner of the figure. It resembles an inverted eutectic, with the δ phase combining with the liquid to produce pure austenite at 1,495 °C (2,723 °F) and 0.17% carbon.

See also

References

  1. Smith & Hashemi 2006, pp. 326–327.
  2. http://www.crct.polymtl.ca/fact/phase_diagram.php?file=Ag-Au.jpg&dir=SGTE
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 Smith & Hashemi 2006, p. 327.
  4. Smith & Hashemi 2006, pp. 332–333.
  5. Muldrew, Ken; Locksley E. McGann (1997). "Phase Diagrams". Cryobiology—A Short Course. University of Calgary. http://www.ucalgary.ca/~kmuldrew/cryo_course/cryo_chap6_1.html. Retrieved 2006-04-29.
  6. Senese, Fred (1999). "Does salt water expand as much as fresh water does when it freezes?". Solutions: Frequently asked questions. Department of Chemistry, Frostburg State University. http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/solutions/faq/saltwater-ice-volume.shtml. Retrieved 2006-04-29.
  7. "Molten salts properties". Archimede Solar Plant Specs. http://www.archimedesolarenergy.com/molten_salt.htm.
  8. Fichter, Lynn S. (2000). "Igneous Phase Diagrams". Igneous Rocks. James Madison University. http://csmres.jmu.edu/geollab/Fichter/IgnRx/Phasdgrm.html. Retrieved 2006-04-29.
  9. Davies, Nicholas A.; Beatrice M. Nicholas (1992). "Eutectic compositions for hot melt jet inks". US Patent & Trademark Office, Patent Full Text and Image Database. United States Patent and Trademark Office. http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=/netahtml/search-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=ptxt&s1=5298062.WKU.&OS=PN/5298062&RS=PN/5298062. Retrieved 2006-04-29.
  10. Iron-Iron Carbide Phase Diagram Example
  11. IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology, Electronic version. "Peritectoid Reaction" Retrieved May 22, 2007.
  12. Numerical Model of Peritectoid Transformation. Peritectoid Transformation Retrieved May 22, 2007.

Bibliography

  • Smith, William F.; Hashemi, Javad (2006), Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering (4th ed.), McGraw-Hill, ISBN 0-07-295358-6.

Further reading

cs:Eutektikum de:Eutektikum es:Eutéctico fa:اوتکتیک fr:Eutectique ko:공정 반응 it:Eutettico he:תערובת אוטקטית hu:Eutektikum nl:Eutecticum ja:共晶 pl:Eutektyk pt:Mistura eutética ro:Eutectic ru:Эвтектика sk:Eutektikum sl:Peritektik fi:Eutektinen seos uk:Евтектика vi:Eutecti