Felix Andries Vening Meinesz

  1. Pages with script errors
  2. Missing redirects
  3. Pages with broken file links
  4. Persondata templates without short description parameter
  5. 1887 births
  6. 1966 deaths
  7. Dutch geologists
  8. Geophysicists
  9. Dutch scientists
  10. Delft University of Technology faculty
  11. Wollaston Medal winners
  12. People from The Hague
  13. Penrose Medal winners
  14. Foreign Members of the Royal Society
  15. Delft University of Technology alumni


"Vening Meinesz" redirects here. For Sjoerd Anne Vening Meinesz, Mayor of Rotterdam, see List of mayors of Rotterdam.
Felix Andries Vening Meinesz
150px
Vening Meinesz with his gravimeter
Born July 30, 1887
The Hague
Died August 10, 1966
Amersfoort
Nationality Dutch
Fields geophysicist
geodesist
Known for gravimeter
Influenced H. H. Hess

Felix Andries Vening Meinesz (The Hague July 30, 1887 - Amersfoort August 10, 1966) was a Dutch geophysicist and geodesist. He is known for his invention of a precise method for measuring gravity. Thanks to his invention, it became possible to measure gravity at sea, which led him to the discovery of gravity anomalies above the ocean floor. He later attributed these anomalies to continental drift.

Named after him are:

Biography

Vening Meinesz' father, Sjoerd Anne Meinesz, was mayor, first of Rotterdam, then of Amsterdam. He grew up in a protected environment. In 1910 he graduated in civil engineering in Delft. The same year he started working for the Dutch gravitational survey. In 1915 he wrote his dissertation on the defects of the gravimeters used at that time.

Vening Meinesz then designed a new gravimeter, which the KNMI (Royal Dutch Meteorological Institute) built. The apparatus has two pendula of the same size hanging in a frame but moving in opposite phases. With mirrors and lightbeams the difference in amplitude of the two pendula is captured on a film. Vening Meinesz had discovered that horizontal accelerations (as by waves on a boat) had no influence on the difference in amplitude between the two pendula. The recorded difference then is the amplitude of a theoretical, undisturbed pendulum. Now it became possible to measure gravity more accurately. Vening Meinesz started with measuring gravity all over the Netherlands, for which a network of 51 monitoring stations was created. This became a success, which encouraged him to do measurements at sea. A perfected gravimeter, hanging in a 'swing', was designed. The experiment was successful.

Now measuring gravity at sea had become possible.[1] Between 1923 and 1929 the tall (over 2 metres) Vening Meinesz embarked in small submarines for some uncomfortable expeditions.[2] His goal was to establish the exact shape of the geoid and the Earth. When his expedition with the submarine Hr. Ms. K XVIII was made into a movie in 1935, Vening Meinesz became a hero of the Dutch cinema public. Besides, his research was in the international scientific spotlight. In 1927 he become a parttime professor in geodesy, cartography and geophysics at Utrecht University, and in 1937 he became professor at the Delft University of Technology as well. He was awarded the Howard N. Potts Medal in 1936.

In World War II, Vening Meinesz was involved in the Dutch resistance. After the war he could take up his tasks as a professor again. From 1945 to 1951 he was the director of the KNMI. He retired in 1957.

Research and Discoveries

The vast amounts of data that his expeditions yielded were analyzed and discussed together with other leading Dutch Earth scientists of the time J.H.F. Umbgrove, B.G. Escher and Ph.H. Kuenen, the results were published in 1948.[3] An important result was the discovery of elongated belts of negative gravity anomalies along the oceanic trenches. The mean gravity force appeared to be the same on land and at sea, which was in agreement with the principle of isostasy. Vening Meinesz was especially intrigued by the oceanic trenches. The coexisitence of active volcanism, large negative gravity anomalies and the sudden difference in terrain elevation could only be explained by assuming the Earth's crust was somehow pushed together at these places. As a geophysicist, he was prejudiced that the crust was too rigid to deform at that scale in such a way. His discoveries could be explained only with the development of the theory of plate tectonics in the '50s.

References

  1. ↑ Script error
  2. ↑ Script error
  3. ↑ Script error

External links

de:Felix Andries Vening-Meinesz

es:Felix Andries Vening Meinesz fr:Felix Andries Vening Meinesz nl:Felix Vening Meinesz ja:フェリックス・ベニング・マイネス pl:Felix Andries Vening Meinesz pt:Felix Andries Vening Meinesz ru:Венинг-Мейнес, Феликс Андрис


...