Galvanic anode
A galvanic anode is the main component of a galvanic cathodic protection (CP) system used to protect buried or submerged metal structures from corrosion.
They are made from a metal alloy with a more "active" voltage (more negative electrochemical potential) than the metal of the structure. The difference in potential between the two metals means that the galvanic anode corrodes, so that the anode material is consumed in preference to the structure.
The loss (or sacrifice) of the anode material gives rise to the alternative name of sacrificial anode.
Contents
Theory
In brief, corrosion is a chemical reaction occurring by an electrochemical mechanism.[1] During corrosion there are two reactions, oxidation (equation 1), where electrons leave the metal (and results in the actual loss of metal) and reduction, where the electrons are used to convert water or oxygen to hydroxides (equations 2 and 3).[2]
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Fe → Fe2+ + 2e- |
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(1) |
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O2 + 2H2O + 4e- → 4OH- |
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(2) |
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2H2O + 2e- → H2 + 2OH- |
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(3) |
In most environments, the hydroxide ions and ferrous ions combine to form ferrous hydroxide, which eventually becomes the familiar brown rust[3]:
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Fe2+ + 2OH- → Fe(OH)2 |
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(4) |
As corrosion takes place, oxidation and reduction reactions occur and electrochemical cells are formed on the surface of the metal so that some areas will become anodic (oxidisation) and some cathodic (reduction). Electric current will flow from the anodic areas into the electrolyte as the metal corrodes. Conversely, as the electric current flows from the electrolyte to the cathodic areas the rate of corrosion is reduced.[4] (In this example, 'electric current' is referring to conventional current flow, rather than the flow of ions).
As the metal continues to corrode, the local potentials on the surface of the metal will change and the anodic and cathodic areas on the will change and move. As a result, in ferrous metals, a general covering of rust is formed over the whole surface, which will eventually consume all the metal. This is rather a simplified view of the corrosion process as it can occur in several different forms.[5]
Cathodic protection works by introducing another metal (the galvanic anode) with a much more anodic surface, so that all the current will flow from the introduced anode and the metal to be protected becomes cathodic in comparison to the anode. This effectively stops the oxidation reactions on the metal surface by transferring them to the galvanic anode, which will be sacrificed in favour of the structure under protection.[6]
For this to work there must be an electron pathway between the anode and the metal to be protected (e.g., a wire or direct contact) and an ion pathway between the anode and the metal to be protected (e.g., water or moist soil) to form a closed circuit; thus simply bolting a piece of active metal such as zinc to a less active metal, such as mild steel, in air will not furnish any protection.
Anode Materials
There are three main alloys used as galvanic anodes, magnesium, aluminium and zinc. They are all available as blocks, rods, plates or extruded ribbon. Each material has advantages and disadvantages.
Magnesium has the most negative electropotential of the three (see Galvanic series) and is more suitable for areas where the electrolyte (soil or water) resistivity is higher. This is usually on-shore pipelines and other buried structures, although it is also used on boats in fresh water and in water heaters. In some cases, the negative potential of magnesium can be a disadvantage. If the potential of the protected metal becomes too negative, hydrogen ions may be evolved on the cathode surface leading to hydrogen embrittlement or to disbonding of the coating.[7][8] Where this is a possibility, zinc anodes may be used.
Zinc and aluminium are generally used in salt water, where the resistivity is generally lower. Typical uses are for the hulls of ships and boats, offshore pipelines and production platforms, in salt-water cooled marine engines, on small boat propellers and rudders and for the internal surface of storage tanks.
Zinc is considered a reliable material but is not suitable for use at higher temperatures as it tends to passivate (it becomes less negative - if this happens, current may cease to flow and the anode stops working).[9] It has a relatively low driving voltage, which means in higher resistivity soils or water it may not be able to provide sufficient current. However, in some circumstances, where there is a risk of hydrogen embrittlement for example, the low driving voltage is an advantage since overprotection is avoided.[10]
Aluminium anodes have several advantages: they are much lighter in weight, and have a much higher capacity than zinc. Their electrochemical behaviors is not considered as reliable as zinc and greater care must be taken in how they are used. When aluminium strikes a rusty surface a large thermite spark may be generated, so its use is restricted in tanks where there may be explosive atmospheres and there is a risk of the anode falling.[8]
Since the operation of a galvanic anode relies on the difference in electropotential between the anode and the cathode, practically any metal can be used to protect any other, providing there is a sufficient difference in potential. For example, iron anodes can be used to protect copper.[11]
Design Considerations
The design of a galvanic anode cathodic protection system should consider many factors, including the type of structure, the resistivity of the electrolyte (soil or water) it will operate in, the type of coating and the service life.
The primary calculation is how much anode material will be required to protect the structure for the required time. Too little material may provide protection for a while, but need to be replaced regularly. Too much material would provide protection at an unnecessary cost. The mass in kg is given by equation (5).[12]
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Mass = (Current Required x Design Life x 8760) ÷ (Utilisation Factor x Anode Capacity) |
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(5) |
- The design life is in years (1 year = 8760 hours).
- The utilisation factor (UF) of the anode is a constant value, depending on the shape of the anode and how it is attached, which signifies how much of the anode can be consumed before it ceases to be effective. A value of 0.8 indicates that 80% of the anode can be consumed, before it should be replaced. A long slender stand off anode (installed on legs to keep the anode away from the structure) has a UF value of 0.9, whereas the UF of a short, flush mounted anode is 0.8.[12]
- Anode capacity is an indication of how much material is consumed as current flows over time. The value for zinc in seawater is 780 Ah/kg but aluminium is 2000 Ah/kg,[12] which means that, in theory, aluminium can produce much more current than zinc before being depleted and this is one of the factors to consider when choosing a particular material.
The amount of current required corresponds directly to the surface area of the metal exposed to the soil or water, so the application of a coating drastically reduces the mass of anode material required. The better the coating, the less anode material is needed.
Once the mass of material is known, the particular type of anode is chosen. Differently shaped anodes will have a different resistance to earth, which governs how much current can be produced, so the resistance of the anode is calculated to ensure that sufficient current will be available. If the resistance of the anode is too high, either a differently shaped or sized anode is chosen, or a greater quantity of anodes must be used.[12]
The arrangement of the anodes is then planned so as to provide an even distribution of current over the whole structure. For example, if a particular design shows that a pipeline 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) long needs 10 anodes, then approximately one anode per kilometere would be more effective than putting all 10 anodes at one end or in the centre.
Advantages & Disadvantages of Galvanic CP
Advantages
- No external power sources required.
- Relatively easy to install.
- Lower voltages and current mean that cathodic interference in other structures is unlikely.
- Easier to maintain.
- Relatively low risk of overprotection.
- Once you apply the process, its very comfortable to maintain throughout.
Disadvantages
- Limited current
- Lower driving voltage means the anodes may not work in high-resistivity environments.
- Anodes can increase structural weight if directly attached to a structure.
- Anodes are heavy and will increase water resistance.
- Where D.C. power is available, electrical energy can be obtained more cheaply than by galvanic anodes.
- Where large arrays are used wiring is needed due to high current flow and need to keep resistance losses low.
- Anodes are expensive in the long run.
- Anodes must be carefully place to avoid in interfering with water flow into the propeller.
Cost Effectiveness
As the anode materials used are generally more costly than iron, using this method to protect ferrous metal structures may not appear to be particularly cost effective. However, consideration should also be given to the costs incurred by in removing a ship from the water, for example, to repair a corroded hull or to replacing a steel pipeline or tank because their structural integrity has been compromised by corrosion.
However there is a limit to the cost effectiveness of a galvanic system. On larger structures, or long pipelines, so many anodes may be needed that it would be more cost-effective to install impressed current cathodic protection.
See also
Notes
References
- A.W. Peabody, Peabody's Control of Pipeline Corrosion, 2nd Ed., 2001, NACE International. ISBN 1575900920
- Schreir L.L. et al., Corrosion Vol. 2, 3rd Ed., 1994, ISBN 0750610778
- Baeckmann, Schwenck & Prinz, Handbook of Cathodic Corrosion Protection, 3rd Edition 1997. ISBN 0-88415-056-9
- Det Norske Veritas Recommended Practice for Cathodic Protection Design DNV RP-B401-2005
