Nabucco pipeline

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Nabucco pipeline
Location of Nabucco pipeline
Location of Nabucco pipeline
Location
Country Turkey, Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, Austria
General direction east–west
From Ahiboz, Turkey
Passes through İnegöl, Yuluce, Kırklareli, Kofcas, Lozenets, Oryahovo, Port of Bechet, Nădlac, Dolj, Mehedinti, Caras-Severin, Timiş, and Arad
To Baumgarten an der March, Austria
General information
Type Natural gas
Partners OMV
MOL
Transgaz
Bulgargaz
BOTAŞ
RWE
Operator Nabucco Gas Pipeline International GmbH
Expected 2017
Technical information
Length 3,893 km (Bad rounding hereScript error mi)
Maximum discharge 31 billion cubic metres (1.1×10^12 cu ft) per year
Diameter 56 in (Script error mm)
Nabucco-West
Location
Country Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, Austria
General direction east–west
From Strandja, Bulgaria
Passes through Lozenets, Oryahovo, Port of Bechet, Nădlac, Dolj, Mehedinti, Caras-Severin, Timiş, and Arad
To Baumgarten an der March, Austria
General information
Type Natural gas
Partners OMV
MOL
Transgaz
Bulgargaz
BOTAŞ
RWE
Operator Nabucco Gas Pipeline International GmbH
Expected 2017
Technical information
Length 1,312 km (Bad rounding hereScript error mi)
Maximum discharge 10 billion cubic metres (0.35×10^12 cu ft) per year
Diameter 56 in (Script error mm)

The Nabucco pipeline (also referred as Turkey–Austria gas pipeline) is a proposed natural gas pipeline from Erzurum in Turkey to Baumgarten an der March in Austria diversifying natural gas suppliers and delivery routes for Europe. The pipeline attempts to lessen European dependence on Russian energy. The project is backed by several European Union states and the United States and is seen as rival to the Gazprom-Eni South Stream pipeline project. At the same time, there are some doubts concerning viability of supplies. The main supplier is expected to be Iraq with potential supplies from Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, and Egypt.[1]

Preparations for the Nabucco project started in 2002 and the intergovernmental agreement between Turkey, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary and Austria was signed on 13 July 2009. The project is developed by the consortium of six companies. If built, the pipeline is expected to be operational by 2017. The consortium has submitted also a modified project called Nabucco-West, which does not include the Turkish section of the pipeline.[2][3]

As of 2012, some analysts declare Nabucco is unlikely to be built due to changed political situation and competing projects.[4][5] The final investment decision by the Nabucco consortium is expected in 2012.

Motivation

Main article: Russia in the European energy sector

The Nabucco project is backed by the European Union and the United States[6][7][8][9] In the Trans-European Networks - Energy (TEN - E) programme, the Nabucco pipeline is designated as of strategic importance.[10][11][12] An objective of the project is to connect the European Union better to the natural gas sources in the Caspian Sea and the Middle East regions.[13][14][15] The project has been driven by the intention to diversify its current energy supplies, and to lessen European dependence on Russian energy—the biggest supplier of gas to Europe.[16][17] The Russia–Ukraine gas disputes have been one of the factors driving the search for alternative suppliers, sources, and routes.[17][18] Moreover, as per European Commission, Europe's gas consumption is expected to increase from 502 billion cubic metres, in 2005, to 815 billion cubic metres in 2030 which would mean Russia alone would not be able to meet the demand.[19]

According to Nobuo Tanaka, former Executive Director of the International Energy Agency, the Nabucco pipeline would be more effective in increasing Europe's energy security than the South Stream project as it increases the number of gas suppliers.[20]

History

Preparations for the Nabucco project started in February 2002 when first talks took place between Austrian OMV and Turkish BOTAŞ. In June 2002, five companies (OMV of Austria, MOL Group of Hungary, Bulgargaz of Bulgaria, Transgaz of Romania and BOTAŞ of Turkey) signed a protocol of intention to construct the Nabucco pipeline. The protocol followed by the cooperation agreement in October 2002. The name Nabucco comes from the same famous opera of Giuseppe Verdi, that the five partners had listened to at the Vienna State Opera after this meeting.[21] In December 2003, the European Commission awarded a grant in the amount of 50% of the estimated total eligible cost of the feasibility study including market analysis, and technical, economic and financial studies. On 28 June 2005, the joint venture agreement was signed by five Nabucco partners. The ministerial statement on the Nabucco pipeline was signed on 26 June 2006 in Vienna.[22] On 12 September 2007, Jozias van Aartsen was nominated by the European Commission as the Nabucco project coordinator.[23] In February 2008, German RWE became a shareholder of the consortium.[24]

On 11 June 2008, the first contract to supply gas from Azerbaijan through the Nabucco pipeline to Bulgaria was signed.[25] The President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev confirmed on 29 January 2009, that Azerbaijan was planning to at least double its gas production in the coming five years to supply the pipeline.[26] On 12 April 2009, the Minister of Energy of Turkey Hilmi Güler confirmed that Turkey is ready to sign a deal, provided that Turkey gets 15% of the natural gas to be carried through the Nabucco pipeline.[27]

On 27 January 2009, the Nabucco Summit held in Budapest.[28] On 24–25 April 2009, the Nabucco pipeline was discussed, among other energy issues, at the high-level energy summit in Sofia,[29] and on 8 May 2009, at the Southern Corridor Summit in Prague.[30]

The intergovernmental agreement between Turkey, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary and Austria was signed by five prime ministers on 13 July 2009 in Ankara.[31] The European Union was represented at the ceremony by the President Jose Manuel Barroso and the Commissioner for Energy Andris Piebalgs, and the United States was represented by Special Envoy for Eurasian Energy Richard Morningstar and Ranking Member of the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations Senator Richard Lugar.[32][33] Hungary ratified the agreement on 20 October 2009.[34] Bulgaria ratified the agreement on 3 February 2010.[12][35] Romania ratified the agreement on 16 February 2010.[36] Turkey became the final country ratifying the agreement on 4 March 2010.[37][38]

In May 2012, the consortium submitted a Nabucco-West proposal to the Shah Deniz consortium.[2]

Route

The 3,893 kilometres (2,419 mi) long pipeline will run from Ahiboz in Turkey via Bulgaria, Romania, and Hungary to Baumgarten an der March, a major natural gas hub in Austria.[39] In Ahiboz, it will be joined with two feeder lines, one connecting to Georgia in the north (South Caucasus Pipeline), and the other connecting to Iraq (pipeline to be built) in the southeast.[40] It could be fed also from the Tabriz–Ankara pipeline. 2,730 kilometres (1,700 mi) of the pipeline will be laid in Turkey, 412 kilometres (256 mi) in Bulgaria, 469 kilometres (291 mi) in Romania, 384 kilometres (239 mi) in Hungary, and 47 kilometres (29 mi) in Austria.[39]

From Turkey the Nabucco pipeline will enter Bulgaria and after running 76 kilometres (47 mi) in parallel to the existing gas system will connect to the Bulgarian national gas network at the compressor station of village Lozenets in Yambol Province.[41] After crossing the Balkan Range the pipeline will head 116.3 kilometres (72.3 mi) in a northwesterly direction. After reaching the national northern half-ring it will run 133 kilometres (83 mi) in parallel to the existing East-West gas line and continue 86.5 kilometres (53.7 mi) to northwest before reaching the Danube at Oryahovo. In Bulgaria, Nabucco will have interconnections with the national gas network and will have two off-take systems, compressor stations and pig stations.[42]

In Romania, the pipeline will be crossing into the country under the Danube. The route on the Romanian territory will go from south-west to north-west, its south-western starting point being located at the Danube-crossing point upstream the Port of Bechet, and the north-western end point being located north of Nădlac. The pipe will follow the south western border of Romania and will travel through the counties of Dolj, Mehedinti, Caras-Severin, Timiş, and Arad. The pipeline will cross 11 protected sites, two national parks, three natural reserves, and 57 watercourses, namely major rivers such as: Jiu, Coşuştea, Cerna, Bela Reca, Timiş, Bega, and Mureş, as well as their tributaries. The terrain is rockier in Romania and mainly constituted of limestone. This section is 469 kilometres (291 mi) long.[39][43]

Polish gas company PGNiG is studying the possibility of building a link from the Nabucco gas pipeline to Poland.[44]

Technical features

In early years after completion the deliveries are expected to be between 4.5 and 13 billion cubic metres (160×10^9 and 460×10^9 cu ft) per year. Around 2020, the supply volume is expected to reach 31 billion cubic metres (1.1 trillion cubic feet) per year, of which up to 16 billion cubic metres (570 billion cubic feet) will go to Baumgarten. The diameter of the pipeline would be 56 inches (1,400 mm).[45]

The Nabucco-West proposal foresees a capacity of 10 billion cubic metres (350 billion cubic feet).[2]

[2]

In the EU territory, the pipeline is to be exempt from regulated third party access, including tariff regulation, for 25 years.[13][14][15]

Construction

The Nabucco project is included in the EU Trans-European Energy Network programme and a feasibility study for the Nabucco pipeline has been performed under an EU project grant. The front end engineering and design (FEED) services of the pipeline, including the overall management of the local FEED contractors, the review of the technical feasibility study, route confirmation, preparation of the design basis, hydraulic studies, overall SCADA and telecommunications, GIS and preparation of tender packages for the next phase, was managed by UK-based consultancy Penspen.[46] Starting from 14 December 2011, WorleyParsons was appointed as on owner's engineer.[47]

According to Reinhard Mitschek, managing director of Nabucco Gas Pipeline International GmbH, construction of the pipeline is scheduled begin in 2013 and it would be operational by 2017.[48][49]

Financing

The pipeline, initially estimated at €7 billion, is in 2011 estimated to cost €12–15 billion. The final investment decision is expected in 2012.[50] The sources of financing of the Nabucco project are not decided yet. As a commercial project, it will be financed 30% by the project's partners and the rest by commercial financial instruments. The European Commission has awarded an EU project grant in the amount of 50% of the estimated total eligible cost of the feasibility study[13][14][15] and has also decided to allocate €200 million from the European Economic Recovery Plan.[51] To receive this financing, this grant should be committed by the end 2010.[51]

At the Nabucco Summit held in Budapest on 27 January 2009, the heads of the European Investment Bank (EIB) and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) confirmed, that they are prepared to provide financial backing for the project.[28] On 5 February 2010, the EIB vice-president Mathias Kollatz-Ahnensaid that Nabucco consortium is seeking up to €2 billion (20–25% of costs) financing from the bank. The EIB is ready to participate in the financing of this project; however, the precondition is that the partner countries should legally approve the pipeline's transit in their countries.[52]

In September 2010, the consortium signed an agreement with EIB, EBRD, and the International Finance Corporation (IFC), according to which the banks will conduct due diligence for a financing package of €4 billion. Up to €2 billion will be signed by the EIB, up to €1.2 billion by the EBRD, and up to €800 million by the IFC.[53]

Supply sources

The potential suppliers for Nabucco are considered to be Iraq, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, and Egypt.[40] At the first stage, 10 billion cubic metres (350 billion cubic feet) of natural gas per year is expected from Iraq.[54] Iraqi gas would be imported via the Arab Gas Pipeline (extension to be built) from the Ekas field.[55] MOL has acquired 10% stake in Pearl Petroleum Company Limited, which holds legal rights in Khor Mor and Chamchamal gas-condensate fields in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq.[56] According to Iraqi deputy oil minister Ahmed al-Shamma, Iraq gas will not be necessarily delivered via Nabucco pipeline, as after arriving to Turkey it may feed also alternative projects which have available transport capacities. Export to Europe would start only if new gasfields are found, as associated gas is not enough to ensure stable gas supplies.[57]

In Azerbaijan, the second stage of the Shah Deniz gas field comes on-stream in 2016. There was an agreement for 8 billion cubic metres (280 billion cubic feet) of natural gas per year with further expansion.[25][26][58] However, on 27 December 2011 Azerbaijan signed an agreement to provide 16 billion cubic metres (570 billion cubic feet) to Turkey through the Trans-Anatolian gas pipeline. According to Turkish Energy Minister Taner Yıldız Trans-Anatolian pipeline does not exclude Nabucco, but means that "Azeri gas will be connected to Nabucco not from Georgian but from Bulgarian border".[3][59]

Turkmenistan would provide for Nabucco 10 billion cubic metres (350 billion cubic feet) of gas per year.[37][60][61][62] The natural gas could be transported through Iran or across the Caspian Sea via the planned Trans-Caspian Gas Pipeline. OMV and RWE have set up a joint venture, named the Caspian Energy Company, to carry out research for a gas pipeline across the Caspian Sea.[63] In the long term, Kazakhstan may become a supplier providing natural gas from the Northern Caspian reserves through the planned Trans-Caspian Gas Pipeline.[64]

Egypt could provide 3–5 billion cubic metres (110×10^9–180×10^9 cu ft) of natural gas through the Arab Gas Pipeline.[58] Prime Minister of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan has urged Egypt to export natural gas to Europe via the Nabucco pipeline.[65] Iran has also proposed to supply gas to Nabucco pipeline and this was backed by Turkey; however, due the political conditions this is rejected by the EU and the United States.[7][8][66][67][68] There is also an option, that Nabucco could be fed with Russian natural gas through the Blue Stream pipeline.[58][68]

Project company

Main article: Nabucco Gas Pipeline International GmbH

The project is developed by the Nabucco Gas Pipeline International GmbH. The managing director of the company is Reinhardt Mitschek.[58] The shareholders of the company are:

  • OMV (Austria)
  • MOL (Hungary)
  • Transgaz (Romania)
  • Bulgargaz (Bulgaria)
  • BOTAŞ (Turkey)
  • RWE (Germany)[13][14][15]

Each of the shareholders holds 16.67% of the shares.[69]

Nabucco International is the owner of the five national Nabucco companies responsible for the operation and maintenance of the pipeline in their respective countries.[13][14][15]

RWE and MOL have indicated that they may leave the project.[2]

Alternative projects

File:Nabuccostream.png
Map of the planned Nabucco and South Stream pipelines.
File:Major russian gas pipelines to europe.png
Major existing and planned natural gas pipelines supplying Russian gas to Europe.

In 2006, Gazprom proposed an alternative project, in competition with the Nabucco pipeline, that would involve constructing a second section of the Blue Stream pipeline beneath the Black Sea to Turkey, and extending this up through Bulgaria and Serbia to western Hungary.[70] In 2007, the South Stream project through Bulgaria, Serbia, Hungary and Slovenia to Austria and Italy was proposed. It is seen as a rival to the Nabucco pipeline.[12][71][72][73] On 10 March 2010, CEO of Eni, a partner in South Stream, Paolo Scaroni proposed to merge Nabucco and South Stream projects to "reduce investments, operational costs and increase overall returns".[74][75] This proposal was rejected by energy minister of Russia Sergei Shmatko saying that "South Stream is more competitive than Nabucco" and that "Nabucco and South Stream are far from being competitors".[76] Also OMV has said that there are no ongoing discussions about merging the projects.[77]

Ukraine has proposed the White Stream pipeline, connecting Georgia to the Ukrainian gas transport network.[78] Also the Trans Adriatic Pipeline and the Interconnector Turkey–Greece–Italy projects are seen as competing projects.[79] According to the project's European Coordinator Jozias van Aartsen all five projects are competing with each other for the access to Azerbaijani Shah Deniz gas supplies.[10] According to Turkish energy minister Taner Yıldız Turkey supports combining Nabucco and Interconnector Turkey–Greece–Italy projects.[80]

Several experts believe that Trans-Anatolian gas pipeline may cause cancellation of the Nabucco project.[59] According to RWE, the Trans-Anatolia gas pipeline would shorten Nabucco and lower its investment costs, but at the same time it may require additional guarantees for Nabucco as it raises questions about access and financing.[81] The Nabucco consortium sees the modified Nabucco-West as a prolongation of the Trans-Anatolian project into Central Europe.[2][3]

Competitor to Nabucco, and to pipelines generally, is liquefied natural gas. Azerbaijan, Georgia, Romania nad Hungary are developing Azerbaijan–Georgia–Romania Interconnector project, which is proposed to transport Azerbaijani gas to Europe in form of LNG.[82] Increasing availability of LNG from large gas-producing countries in the Middle-East and Africa stresses the economic viability of pipelines.[83]

Controversial aspects

Economic and political aspects

The Nabucco pipeline will supply only a limited number of countries in South-East and Central Europe.[19] The project has been criticized as uneconomic because there is no guarantee that there will be sufficient gas supplies to make it profitable.[17] Iran's Foreign Minister Manouchehr Mottaki has stated "speaking about the Nabucco pipeline without Iran's participation would amount to nothing but a pipeline void of gas". Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin has made similar remarks.[84] The deputy chairman of the Russia's State Duma Energy Committee Ivan Grachev has questioned the viability of the Nabucco project and sees it as an attempt to put pressure on Russia.[85] This is supported by the Russia's gas deals with Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan, which by some observers has been seen as attempt to reserve potential Nabucco supplies.[86][87] Azerbaijan has stated that the gas will be transported only through those routes, which would be commercially most attractive.[79] Also the opening of the Central Asia – China gas pipeline and the agreements to build the South Stream pipeline has been seen as the end of Nabucco project.[88]

However, before the raise of project's costs and the proposal of modified project, RWE had claimed that the transportation of natural gas through the Nabucco pipeline would be cheaper than through South Stream or other alternative pipelines. According to RWE, the transportation of thousand cubic meters of gas from Shah Deniz field to Europe will cost through the Nabucco pipeline €77 versus €106 through the South Stream pipeline.[79]

Fossil fuels

Some NGOs criticize the EIB and EBRD for their willingness to finance a fossil fuel project, claiming that it goes against the November 2007 resolution on trade and climate change passed in the European Union Parliament.[89] The resolution calls for "the discontinuation of public support via export credit agencies and public investment banks, for fossil fuel projects."[90] Non-governmental organizations also show disapproval, due to the public banks decision to be lenient to Turkmenistan Human and civil rights conditions.[91]

Security aspects

Concerns have been raised about the safety of the project. The pipeline will cross through unstable area of Turkey's South East region. In recent years Kurdistan Workers' Party claimed responsibility for blowing up the Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline and the Tabriz–Ankara pipeline in Turkey.[92][93] Gas for the Nabucco pipeline coming from Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan will have to pass near areas of instability in the South Caucasus.[94]

See also

Further reading

References

  1. ↑ "Nabucco venture sees Iraq as top supplier". Hürriyet Daily News and Economic Review. 30 September 2010. http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=nabucco-venture-sees-iraq-as-top-supplier-2010-09-30. Retrieved 11 October 2010.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Socor, Vladimir (23 May 2012). ""Nabucco-West": Abridged Pipeline Project Officially Submitted to Shah Deniz Consortium". Eurasia Daily Monitor (Heritage Foundation) 9 (98). http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Bswords%5D=8fd5893941d69d0be3f378576261ae3e&tx_ttnews%5Bany_of_the_words%5D=Nabucco&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=39403&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=7&cHash=14f7efa1e66ef7e25b71f9df7b13dfff. Retrieved 24 May 2012.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Socor, Vladimir (11 May 2012). "Nabucco-West in Synergy with Trans-Anatolia Project". Eurasia Daily Monitor (Heritage Foundation) 9 (90). http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Bswords%5D=8fd5893941d69d0be3f378576261ae3e&tx_ttnews%5Bany_of_the_words%5D=Nabucco&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=39364&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=7&cHash=54104e1706f041d35d5f514a5888c099. Retrieved 24 May 2012.
  4. ↑ Socor, Vladimir (3 February 2012). "Post-Nabucco Era in Caspian Pipeline Business and Politics". Eurasia Daily Monitor (Heritage Foundation) 9 (24). http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Bswords%5D=8fd5893941d69d0be3f378576261ae3e&tx_ttnews%5Bany_of_the_words%5D=Nabucco&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=38972&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=7&cHash=547526ef45b86dc5a540bd13006a99fe. Retrieved 14 February 2012.
  5. ↑ "Nabucco is over, analyst says". UPI. http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Energy-Resources/2012/02/13/Nabucco-is-over-analyst-says/UPI-85071329140348/. Retrieved 14 February 2012.
  6. ↑ Taylor, Paul (22 February 2008). "U.S. throws weight behind EU's Nabucco pipeline". Reuters. http://uk.reuters.com/article/UK_SMALLCAPSRPT/idUKL2212241120080222. Retrieved 23 February 2008.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Nicola, Stefan (5 February 2008). "Analysis: Europe's pipeline war". United Press International. http://www.upi.com/International_Security/Energy/Analysis/2008/02/05/analysis_europes_pipeline_war/2456/. Retrieved 24 February 2008.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Grove, Thomas; Coskun, Orhan (13 July 2009). "Turkish PM says wants Nabucco to transport Iran gas". Reuters. http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKLD60806920090713?sp=true. Retrieved 13 July 2009.
  9. ↑ Cendrowicz, Leo (13 July 2009). "Europe Tries to Break Its Russian Gas Habit". Time. http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1910123,00.html. Retrieved 13 July 2009.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Script error
  11. ↑ Script error
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 "Bulgarian Parliament Ratifies Nabucco Gas Pipeline Project". RTTNews. 3 February 2010. http://www.rttnews.com/ArticleView.aspx?Id=1199646&SMap=1. Retrieved 8 January 2010.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 Script error
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 Script error
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 Script error
  16. ↑ "Independence Day For European Gas". Spiegel Online International. 13 July 2009. http://www.spiegel.de/international/business/0,1518,635921,00.html. Retrieved 17 January 2010.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 "EU backs Nabucco pipeline to get off Russian gas". AFP (France 24). 27 January 2009. http://www.france24.com/en/20090127-eu-backs-nabucco-pipeline-get-off-russian-gas-energy. Retrieved 17 January 2010.
  18. ↑ Lobjakas, Ahto (13 July 2009). "'Strategic' Nabucco Deal Inked To Help Curb Dependence On Russian Gas". RFE/RL. http://www.rferl.org/content/Strategic_Nabucco_Deal_To_Reduce_Dependence_On_Russian_Gas/1775655.html. Retrieved 17 January 2010.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Dempsey, Judy (22 December 2009). "Hoping for More Than Just Energy From a Pipeline". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/23/business/global/23fischer.html. Retrieved 23 December 2009.
  20. ↑ "Energy Supremo: Nabucco Pipeline Is Best European Solution". Novinit. 24 February 2010. http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=113554. Retrieved 5 March 2010.
  21. ↑ "Frequently asked questions: Nabucco Gas Pipeline Project". Nabucco Gas Pipeline International GmbH. http://www.nabucco-pipeline.com/press-public-news/q-a/q-a.html. Retrieved 8 May 2009.[dead link]
  22. ↑ "Declaration of the Budapest Nabucco Summit". Budapest Nabucco Summit. 27 January 2009. http://www.kormanyszovivo.hu/media/retreive_file/14828?lang=hu. Retrieved 31 January 2009.
  23. ↑ "Hopes revived for stalled Nabucco pipeline". EurActiv. 18 September 2007. http://www.euractiv.com/en/energy/hopes-revived-stalled-nabucco-pipeline/article-166800. Retrieved 5 July 2009.
  24. ↑ "RWE keen on Nabucco supplies". Upstream Online (NHST Media Group). 19 October 2007. http://www.upstreamonline.com/live/article142723.ece. Retrieved 10 November 2007.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Dempsey, Judy (11 June 2008). "EU natural gas pipeline project gets first order". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/11/business/worldbusiness/11iht-pipe.4.13640390.html?_r=1. Retrieved 15 July 2010.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 "DAVOS-Azeri chief urges political, financial will for Nabucco". Reuters. 29 January 2009. http://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKWLA618820090129. Retrieved 31 January 2009.
  27. ↑ "Turkey Hopes to Sign Nabucco Deal by June". Journal of Turkish Weekly. 16 April 2009. http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/71937/turkey-hopes-to-sign-nabucco-deal-by-june.html. Retrieved 16 April 2009.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 "Proposed Nabucco Gas Pipeline Gets European Bank Backing". Deutsche Welle. 27 January 2009. http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,3980038,00.html. Retrieved 31 January 2008.
  29. ↑ Kurt, Süleyman (23 April 2009). "President Gül invited to Nabucco summit with EU leaders". Today's Zaman: p. 4. http://www.hri.org/news/cyprus/tcpr/2009/09-04-23.tcpr.html#08. Retrieved 28 April 2009.
  30. ↑ 8--2009-21533/ "The Declaration - Prague Summit, Southern Corridor" (Press release). Government of the Czech Republic. 9 May 2009. http://www.eu2009.cz/en/news-and-documents/press-releases/declaration---prague-summit--southern-corridor--may 8--2009-21533/. Retrieved 5 July 2009.
  31. ↑ "Europe gas pipeline deal agreed". BBC News. 13 July 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8147053.stm. Retrieved 13 July 2009.
  32. ↑ "Nabucco Summits Begins". Turkish Press. 13 July 2009. http://www.turkishpress.com/news.asp?id=346171. Retrieved 13 July 2009.
  33. ↑ Kelly, Ian (13 July 2009). "Signing Ceremony for the Intergovernmental Agreement on the Nabucco Pipeline" (Press release). United States Department of State. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2009/july/125968.htm. Retrieved 13 July 2009.
  34. ↑ Koranyi, Balazs (20 October 2009). "Hungary Parliament ratifies Nabucco pipeline deal". Reuters. http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKLK850120091020. Retrieved 8 January 2010.
  35. ↑ Tsolova, Tsvetelia (3 February 2010). "Bulgaria parliament ratifies Nabucco gas project". Reuters. http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKLDE6120J220100203. Retrieved 15 July 2010.
  36. ↑ "Romania Ratifies Nabucco Gas Pipeline Agreement". SeeNews. 16 February 2010. http://www.seenews.com/news/latestnews/romaniaratifiesnabuccogaspipelineagreement-132628/. Retrieved 15 July 2010.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Senerdem, Melis (5 March 2010). "Turkmen gas deal for Nabucco seen in months-RWE exec". Reuters. http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKLDE6241WB20100305?sp=true. Retrieved 5 March 2010.
  38. ↑ Badalova, A. (5 March 2010). "RWE: Ratifying Nabucco agreement by Turkey gives Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan basis for conclusion of gas contracts". Trend News Agency. http://en.trend.az/capital/pengineering/1649703.html. Retrieved 5 March 2010.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 "Route". Nabucco Gas Pipeline International GmbH. http://www.nabucco-pipeline.com/portal/page/portal/en/pipeline/route. Retrieved 28 October 2010.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 "Nabucco: Modification of feeder line concept" (Press release). Nabucco Gas Pipeline International GmbH. 23 August 2010. http://www.nabucco-pipeline.com/portal/page/portal/en/press/NewsText?p_item_id=8E79E5BF557DCC2DE040A8C0010178CA. Retrieved 28 October 2010.
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