Roughneck
Roughneck is a slang term for a person whose occupation is hard-manual labour, typically in a dangerous working environment. The term applies across a number of industries, but is most commonly associated with oil rigs. The ideal of the hard-working, tough roughneck has been adopted by several sports teams who use the phrase as part of their name or logo.
Originally the term was used in the traveling carnivals of 19th century America, almost interchangeably with roustabout. By the 1930s the terms had transferred to the oil drilling industry. In the United Kingdom's oil industry starting in the 1970s, roughneck specifically meant those who worked on the drill floor of a drilling rig handling specialised drilling equipment for drilling and pressure controls. In practice, these workers ranged from unskilled to highly skilled, depending subjectively on the individual worker's aptitude and experience. By contrast, a roustabout would perform general labor, such as loading and unloading cargo from crane baskets and assisting welders, mechanics, electricians and other skilled workers. The word roughneck was in use in the U.S. oil drilling industry even earlier, and had a similar meaning.
Oil field roughnecks
In oilfield, a roughneck's duties can include anything involved with connecting pipe down the well bore, as well as general work around a rig. The crew of a land-based oil rig can be further divided into several positions:
- Toolpusher: The highest position at the drilling location, responsible for every crew. He may stay on location for a few days at a time during crucial operations, whereas individual drilling crews work only eight or 12-hour shifts or "tours" (often pronounced as "towers").
- Driller: The head of an individual crew, responsible for controlling a rig's machinery during drilling, as well as most other rig operations.
- Derrickhand (derrick-man): Responsible for the drilling mud, the mud pits where drilling fluids are circulated around the system, and the mud pump. Drilling mud is used to lubricate the well hole, among other things.
- Motorman (motorhand): Responsible for maintenance of various engines, water pumps, water lines, steam lines, boilers and various other machinery incorporated into the rig. On a four-man drilling crew the motorman is also the chainhand.
- Boilerman: Though this position is now obsolete, before the mid-20th century, when most rigs were steam-powered, the boilerman was responsible for the boilers. The boilerman also functioned as the laundryman, steam-cleaning the last crew's greasy work clothes in the "blow barrel" and then hanging them up to dry in the warm air near the boilers.
- Leadhand ("worm"): Usually the lowest member of the drilling crew, those in this position are often nicknamed "worm".
- Roustabout (leasehand): On bigger rigs and offshore rigs, a roustabout is someone who does most of the painting and cleaning so roughnecks can take care of other work.
- Ginsel: The worm's helper. This is also derogatory insult among roughnecks. Also called the fifth hand.
Cultural references
The Edmonton Oilers of the National Hockey League used to use an oil rigging roughneck with a hockey stick as one of their secondary logos. The roughneck, as a symbol of hard work and fortitude, was the inspiration for the Calgary Roughnecks lacrosse team, as well as the Tulsa Roughnecks North American Soccer League and United Soccer Leagues teams. The West Texas Roughnecks of the Indoor Football League also use this nickname.
Rubbermaid has used the name "Roughneck" for trash containers and storage totes since the mid 1970's.
In Chapter 3 of The Great Gatsby, on first meeting Gatsby, Nick describes him as looking like "an elegant young roughneck, a year or two over thirty, whose elaborate formality of speech just missed being absurd."
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