Slugging

For the baseball statistic, see Slugging percentage.

File:Slug Line.gif

A "slug line" of passengers waiting for rides

Slugging, also known as casual carpooling, is the practice of forming ad hoc, informal carpools for purposes of commuting, essentially a variation of ride-share commuting and hitchhiking. Typically slugging is motivated by an incentive such as a faster HOV lane or a toll reduction. While the practice is most common and most publicized in the congested Washington, D.C. area, slugging also occurs in San Francisco, Houston, and other cities.

Background

In order to relieve traffic volume during the morning and evening rush hours, high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes that require more than one person per automobile were built in many major American cities to encourage carpooling and greater use of public transport; the first were built in the Washington D.C. metropolitan area in 1975. The new lanes, and frustration over failures of public-transport systems and high fuel prices, led to the creation in the 1970s of "slugging", a form of hitchhiking between strangers that is beneficial to both parties, as drivers and passengers are able to use the HOV lane for a quicker trip. While passengers are able to travel for free, or cheaper than via other modes of travel, and HOV drivers sometimes pay no tolls, "slugs are, above all, motivated by time saved, not money pocketed". Concern for the environment is not their primary motivation; Virginia drivers of hybrid automobiles are, for example, eligible to use HOV lanes with no passenger.

In the Washington area—with the second-busiest traffic during rush hour in the United States and Canada as of 2010—slugging occurs on Interstate 95 and 395 between Washington and northern Virginia. As of 2006, there were about 6,459 daily slugging participants there.

In the San Francisco Bay area, with the third-busiest rush hour, slugging occurs on Interstate 80 between the East Bay and San Francisco. As of 1998, 8,000 to 9,000 people slugged in San Francisco daily.

Slugging also occurs in tenth-busiest Houston, at a rate of 900 daily in 2007, and in Pittsburgh.

David D. Friedman's The Machinery of Freedom proposed a similar system (which he referred to as "jitney transit") in the 1970s. However, his plan assumed that passengers would be expected to pay for their transit, and that security measures such as electronic identification cards (recording the identity of both driver and passenger in a database readily available to police, in the event one or both parties disappeared) would be needed in order for people to feel safe. Although slugging is informal, ad hoc, and free, in 30 years no violence or crime was reported from Washington D.C. slugging until October 2010, when former Sergeant Major of the Army Gene McKinney struck one of his passengers with his car after they threatened to report his reckless driving to the police.

Etymology

The term slug (used as both a noun and a verb) came from bus drivers who had to determine if there were genuine passengers at their stop or just people wanting a free lift, in the same way that they look out for fake coins—or "slugs"—being thrown into the fare-collection box.

General practices

In practice, slugging involves the creation of free, unofficial ad hoc carpool networks, often with published routes and pick-up and drop-off locations. In the morning, sluggers gather at local businesses and at government-run locations such as park and ride-like facilities or bus stops and subway stations with lines of sluggers. Drivers pull up to the queue for the route they will follow and either display a sign or call out the designated drop-off point they are willing to drive to and how many passengers they can take; in the Washington area the Pentagon—the largest place of employment in the United States, with 25,000 workers—is a popular destination. Enough riders fill the car and the driver departs. In the evening, the routes reverse.

Many unofficial rules of etiquette exist, and Websites allow sluggers to post warnings about those who break them. Some Washington D.C. rules are:

• Drivers are not to pick up sluggers en route to or standing outside the line, a practice referred to as "body snatching".
• A woman is not to be left in the line alone, for her safety.
• No talking unless the driver initiates conversation.
• No eating, smoking, or putting on makeup.
• The driver has full control of the radio and climate controls.
• No open windows unless the driver approves.
• No money is exchanged or requested, as the driver and slugs all benefit from slugging.
• Driver and passengers say "Thank you" at the end.

While local governments sometimes aid sluggers by posting signs labeled with popular destinations for people to queue at, slugging is organized by its participants and no slug line has ever been created by the government. Government officials have become more aware of sluggers' needs when planning changes that affect their behavior, and solicit their suggestions.

See also

• Real-time ridesharing
• Flexible carpooling
• Hitchhiking

Further reading

• "Slugging solution is too simple for experts". The Hill. August 3, 2005. http://slug-lines.com/News_Announcements/News_The_Hill.asp.
• "Car-sharing more common abroad". BBC News. March 20, 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4824614.stm.
• "Slug Lines Save Time, Money". NBC4. June 13, 2007. http://www.nbc4.com/news/13494179/detail.html.
• Cohen, Randy (December 14, 2003). "The Ethicist:New Behavior". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/14/magazine/14ETHICIST.html?ex=1184385600&en=74eed5c1b92e4377&ei=5070.

External links

• Slug-Lines.com, for the Washington D.C. area
• Casual Car Pool News, for the San Francisco Bay Area)
• Bay Area Casual Carpooling InformationTemplate:Public transport