Subsea

Subsea production systems.

Subsea is a general term frequently used to refer to offshore underwater environment and the equipments, technologies, and methods employed in offshore oil and gas developments and production.

Why Subsea?

As easier onshore oil/gas discovery and production become less and less, the world demand for energy is ever greater due to increase in population and prosperity. The society as a whole has to look else where to extract hydrocarbon to meet the demand, places that are increasingly hostile and less accessible. Subsea

Under water oil field facilities are generically referred to using a subsea prefix, such as subsea well, subsea field, subsea project, and subsea development.

Subsea oil field developments are usually split into Shallow water and Deepwater categories to distinguish between the different facilities and approaches that are needed.

The term shallow water or shelf is used for shallow water depths where bottom-founded facilities like jackup drilling rigs and fixed offshore structures can be used, and where saturation diving is feasible.

Deepwater is a term often used to refer to offshore projects located in water depths greater than around 600 feet, where floating drilling vessels and floating oil platforms are used, and unmanned underwater vehicles are required as manned diving is not practical.

Subsea completions can be traced back to 1943 with the Lake Erie completion at a 35-ft water depth. The well had a land-type christmas tree that required diver intervention for installation, maintenance, and flow line connections.

Shell completed its first subsea well in the Gulf of Mexico in 1961

The first known subsea ultra-high pressure waterjet system capable of operating below 5,000 ft was developed in 2010 by Jet Edge and Chukar Waterjet. It was used to blast away hydrates that were clogging a containment system at the Gulf oil spill site.

Systems

Subsea production systems can range in complexity from a single satellite well with a flowline linked to a fixed platform, FPSO or an onshore installation, to several wells on a template or clustered around a manifold, and transferring to a fixed or floating facility, or directly to an onshore installation.

Subsea production systems can be used to develop reservoirs, or parts of reservoirs, which require drilling of the wells from more than one location. Deep water conditions, or even ultradeep water conditions, can also inherently dictate development of a field by means of a subsea production system, since traditional surface facilities such as on a steel-piled jacket, might be either technically unfeasible or uneconomical due to the water depth.

The development of subsea oil and gas fields requires specialized equipment. The equipment must be reliable enough to safe guard the environment, and make the exploitation of the subsea hydrocarbons economically feasible. The deployment of such equipment requires specialized and expensive vessels, which need to be equipped with diving equipment for relatively shallow equipment work (i.e. a few hundred feet water depth maximum), and robotic equipment for deeper water depths. Any requirement to repair or intervene with installed subsea equipment is thus normally very expensive. This type of expense can result in economic failure of the subsea development.

Subsea technology in offshore oil and gas production is a highly specialized field of application with particular demands on engineering and simulation. Most of the new oil fields are located in deepwater and are generally referred to as deepwater systems. Development of these fields sets strict requirements for verification of the various systems’ functions and their compliance with current requirements and specifications. This is because of the high costs and time involved in changing a pre-existing system due to the specialized vessels with advanced onboard equipment. A full scale test (System Integration Test – SIT) does not provide satisfactory verification of deepwater systems because the test, for practical reasons, cannot be performed under conditions identical to those under which the system will later operate. The oil industry has therefore adopted modern data technology as a tool for virtual testing of deepwater systems that enables detection of costly faults at an early phase of the project. By using modern simulation tools models of deepwater systems can be set up and used to verify the system's functions, and dynamic properties, against various requirements specifications. This includes the model-based development of innovative high-tech plants and system solutions for the exploitation and production of energy resources in an environmentally friendly way as well as the analysis and evaluation of the dynamic behavior of components and systems used for the production and distribution of oil and gas. Another part is the real-time virtual test of systems for subsea production, subsea drilling, supply above sea level, seismography, subsea construction equipment and subsea process measurement and control equipment.^{[citation needed]}

Remotely operated vehicles

Main article: Remotely operated vehicle

Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) are robotic pieces of equipment operated from afar to perform tasks on the sea floor. ROVs are available in a wide variety of function capabilities and complexities from simple "eyeball" camera devices, to multi-appendage machines that require multiple operators to operate or "fly" the equipment.

Organizations

A number of professional societies and trade bodies are involved with the subsea industry around the world. Such groups include

• Society for Underwater Technology
• Subsea Project Awards
• Subsea UK
• Subsea Valley The largest subsea technology business cluster.
• Society of Petroleum Engineers
• American Petroleum Institute (API)
• American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
• National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE).

Government agencies administer regulations in their territorial waters around the world. Examples of such government agencies are the Minerals Management Service (MMS, US), Norwegian Petroleum Directorate (NPD, Norway), and Health & Safety Executive (HSE, UK). The MMS administers the mineral resources in the US (using Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)) and provides management of all the US subsea mineral and renewable energy resources.

See also

• Christmas tree (oil well)
• List of offshore wind farms
• Marine engineering
• Ocean engineering
• Oil well
• Wellhead
• Riserless Light Well Intervention