Lennard's Carrying Co Ltd v Asiatic Petroleum Co Ltd
| Lennard's Carrying Co Ltd v Asiatic Petroleum Co Ltd | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Court | House of Lords |
| Citation(s) | [1915] AC 705 |
| Judge(s) sitting | Viscount Haldane |
| Keywords | |
| Corporate liability | |
Lennard's Carrying Co Ltd v Asiatic Petroleum Co Ltd [1915] AC 705 is a famous decision by the House of Lords on the ability to impose liability upon a corporation. The decision expands upon the earlier decision in Salomon v Salomon & Co. [1897] AC 22 and first introduced the "alter ego" theory of corporate liability.
Contents
Facts
A ship owned by Lennard's Carrying Co was transporting some goods to the Asiatic Petroleum Company, a joint venture of the Shell and Royal Dutch oil companies. The ship sank and the cargo was lost due to the negligent acts of Mr Lennard in violation of the Merchant Shipping Act 1894. Asiatic sued the company for negligence under the Act. At issue was whether the guilty acts of a director would be imposed upon the corporation.
Judgment
The House of Lords held that liability could be imposed on a corporation for the acts of the directors by virtue that the directors are the controlling minds of the company.
Viscount Haldane explained the "directing mind" principle of corporate liability:
| “ | ...a corporation is an abstraction. -It has no mind of its own any more than it has a body of its own; its active and directing will must consequently be sought in the person of somebody who for some purposes may be called an agent, but who is really the directing mind and will of the corporation, the very ego and centre of the personality of the corporation. .... It must be upon the true construction of that section in such a case as the present one that the fault or privity is the fault or privity of somebody who is not merely a servant or agent for whom the company is liable upon the footing respondeat superior, but somebody for whom the company is liable because his action is the very action of the company itself. It is not enough that the fault should be the fault of a servant in order to exonerate the owner, the fault must also be one which is not the fault of the owner, or a fault to which the owner is privy; and I take the view that when anybody sets up that section to excuse himself from the normal consequences of the maxim respondeat superior the burden lies upon him to do so. | ” |
In considering the case of Mr Lennard himself he stated:
| “ | ...whatever is not known about Mr. Lennard's position, this is known for certain, Mr. Lennard took the active part in the management of this ship on behalf of the owners, and Mr. Lennard, as I have said, was registered as the person designated for this purpose in the ship's register. Mr. Lennard therefore was the natural person to come on behalf of the owners and give full evidence not only about the events of which I have spoken, and which related to the seaworthiness of the ship, but about his own position and as to whether or not he was the life and soul of the company. For if Mr. Lennard was the directing mind of the company, then his action must, unless a corporation is not to be liable at all, have been an action which was the action of the company itself... | ” |
Significance
Prior to this case the primary means of imposing liability on a corporation was through vicarious liability, however, that only applied to employees of the company, which excluded the act of the directors. After the Lennard case, the alter ego theory has become the most powerful method of imposing liability on a corporation. It has proved to be particularly effective for imposing criminal liability.
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