Reactions to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill

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  8. Deepwater Horizon oil spill


Reactions to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill from various officials and interested parties ranged from blame and outrage at the damage caused by the spill, to calls for greater accountability on the part of the U.S. government and BP, including new legislation dealing with preventative security and clean-up improvements.

U.S. government

File:President Barack Obama speaking in the Oval Office 06-15-10.jpg
President Obama speaking in the Oval Office about the spill

On 30 April President Barack Obama ordered the federal government to hold issuing new offshore drilling leases until a thorough review determines whether more safety systems are needed[1] and authorized teams to investigate 29 oil rigs in the Gulf in an effort to determine the cause of the disaster.[2] That same day he announced that he had dispatched the Secretaries of the Department of Interior and Homeland Security, as well as the EPA Administrator and NOAA to the Gulf Coast to assess the disaster.[3]

On 11 May Department of the Interior released a press release, announcing that the inspection of deepwater drilling rigs in the Gulf of Mexico found no major violations.[4] On 30 May, U.S. Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar issued a moratorium on all deepwater offshore drilling on the Outer Continental Shelf for a period of six months (see 2010 U.S. Deepwater Drilling Moratorium). Soon after, Hornbeck Offshore Services, a company with financial interests in deepwater drilling, filed suit (Hornbeck Offshore Services LLC v. Salazar) in U.S. District Court seeking an injunction to bar enforcement. Judge Martin Feldman of the U.S. District Court in the Eastern District of Louisiana issued a decision for Hornbeck on 22 June 2010, granting a preliminary injunction, barring enforcement of the order.[5] The White House has indicated that they will immediately appeal the injunction. Salazar has indicated that the Department of the Interior will also "issue a new order in the coming days that eliminates any doubt that a moratorium is needed, appropriate, and within our authorities."[6]

On 9 June the FAA issued a NOTAM (Notice to airmen) no-fly zone over the Gulf of Mexico oil spill and the affected area, effective until further notice.[7] According to the New York Times, the Department of Homeland Security is denying media access to the area.[8]

The Obama administration sent a $69 million bill to BP for the U.S. government's clean up effort. The bill was also sent to Transocean, Anadarko, Moex Offshore and QBE Underwriting.[9] On 15 June Obama made his first speech from the Oval Office, addressing the BP oil spill crisis, saying, "This oil spill is the worst environmental disaster America has ever faced... Make no mistake: we will fight this spill with everything we've got for as long as it takes. We will make BP pay for the damage their company has caused. And we will do whatever's necessary to help the Gulf Coast and its people recover from this tragedy."[10]

On 4 July 2010, the federal government announced that it will be taking control of the Deepwater Horizon Response website from joint BP/government agency control and would take charge of information posted. BP did not comment on the change.[11] The new site, RestoreTheGulf.gov, was activated on 7 July and will gradually incorporate content previously on deepwaterhorizonresponse.com, to be phased out over several weeks.[12]

International governments

Three days after the oil spill began, the Netherlands offered to donate the use of ships equipped to handle very large scale spills.[13]

The Netherlands also offered to prepare a contingency plan to protect Louisiana marshlands with sand barriers and a Dutch research institute developed a strategy to begin building 60 mile-long (100 km) dikes within three weeks. According to Geert Visser, Dutch Consul-General, the U.S. government responded to the Dutch offer with "Thanks for your help, but at the moment we can manage ourselves", despite BP's desire to bring in the Dutch equipment.[13][14] US regulations require that oil-contaminated water must be stored onboard in US waters. The Dutch vessels continuously extract the majority of the oil, but the water that returns to the ocean does not comply with the U.S. standard. Dutch officials have criticized the requirement, as it requires many additional trips to on-shore storage facilities. Spill Response Group head Wierd Koops said, "you have to get as much oil as possible into the storage tanks and as little water as possible. So we pump the water, which contains drops of oil, back overboard".[15] Allen explained on 11 June, "We have skimmed, to date, about 18 million gallons of oily water — the oil has to be decanted from that [and] our yield is usually somewhere around 10% or 15% on that". The US later relaxed its requirements and took the Dutch up on part of their offer, airlifting Dutch equipment to the Gulf and retrofitting it to U.S. vessels, where as of 10 June, it had not yet entered service.[13] To avoid using Dutch ships and workers, the U.S. government asked them to train American workers to build the sand berms. According to Floris Van Hovell, a Dutch spokesman, Dutch dredging ships could complete the Louisiana berms twice as fast as the U.S. companies.[16]

As of 6 May, the United Nations and 14 countries had offered assistance. The U.S. government declined the offers, with a State Department email to reporters stating "there is no need right now that the U.S. cannot meet." The countries offering help were Canada, Croatia, France, Germany, Iran, Ireland, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Romania, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom.[17][18] On 21 June, Iran's Revolutionary Guards offered assistance to contain the oil spill.[19]

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Chris Huhne, the UK Secretary of State for the Department of Energy and Climate Change

On 14 June Chris Huhne, the UK Secretary of State for the Department of Energy and Climate Change, made a formal statement to the House of Commons, expressing sympathy to those affected, that the environmental consequences must take priority and that the UK Government would remain focused on practical measures to achieve this, including offering dispersants.[20]

That same day, U.S. spokesman P.J. Crowley said the U.S. had received 21 aid offers from 17 countries and four international groups. "We are maintaining contact with these countries, we are grateful for the offers, and we will take them up on these offers."[21] On 19 June, the Coast Guard actively requested skimming boats and equipment from the Netherlands, Norway, France, and Spain.[14] By 25 June, the U.S. State Department listed 70 assistance offers from 23 countries, and indicated that 8 had been accepted.[22] On 29 June the State Department accepted 22 offers of assistance from 12 countries and international bodies, including two high speed skimmers and fire containment boom from Japan.[23]

A month after the French foreign minister volunteered a fleet of private oil skimming boats, the owner met with BP and Coast Guard officials to present the idea. Weeks later, in late June, a private contractor in Florida purchased 9 of them.[24]

The U.S. Jones Act prohibits the use of foreign ships and foreign crews in port-to-port shipping and within the three-mile limit.[14][24] Initially, foreign-flagged boats stayed outside the limit and did not transport oil, exempting them from the Act. Allen states, "While we have not seen any need to waive the Jones Act as part of this historic response, we continue to prepare for all possible scenarios....Should any waivers be needed, we are prepared to process them as quickly as possible to allow vital spill response activities being undertaken by foreign-flagged vessels to continue without delay." According to the spill response center, six vessels have now applied for waivers. As of late June, none had been granted.[24]

Industry

Jack Gerard, President of The American Petroleum Institute (API), stated that disasters are infrequent and that the Deepwater Horizon is an isolated incident.[25] By touting the aggregate safety record of the industry API has refuted any claims of a loss of industry wide credibility. API has also stated that the offshore drilling industry is important to job creation and economic growth[26][27] To help prevent a recurrence of the Deepwater Horizon spill, API is settting up its own offshore safety institute that will be separate from API's lobbying organization.[28]

During congressional testimony, key API stakeholders such as Chevron’s CEO John Watson, made an open admission to the industry’s credibility gap stating “For our industry, this is a humbling experience. The American people expect that the energy we need will be produced safely and reliably. That did not happen here”.[29] Furthermore, ExxonMobil’s CEO Rex Tillerson, testified that, “When these things happen, we are not well equipped to deal with them".[30] Additionally, ExxonMobil, Chevron, ConocoPhillips and Shell have made plans to fund a billion dollar joint venture to build a new rapid response capability for deep water offshore drilling response in the Gulf of Mexico.[31][32] While all of the top five oil CEOs seem to be in unanimous agreement on the issue of expediting the permitting process, at least publicly. they all agreed that industry needs to work harder at improving safety so that events like Deepwater Horizon do not occur in the future and that a more robust capacity to deal with them when they do is established.

BP public relations

File:Tony Hayward - World Economic Forum on the Middle East 2008.jpg
Tony Hayward of BP

Initially BP downplayed the incident; CEO Tony Hayward called the amount of oil and dispersant "relatively tiny" in comparison with the "very big ocean."[33] Hayward also initially stated that the environmental impact of the Gulf spill would likely be "very very modest."[34] Later, he said that the spill was a disruption to Gulf Coast residents and himself adding, "You know, I'd like my life back." He later apologized for his statements.[35] BP's chief operating officer Doug Suttles contradicted the underwater plume discussion noting, "It may be down to how you define what a plume is here… The oil that has been found is in very minute quantities."[36] On 16 June BP Chairman Carl-Henric Svanberg, speaking to reporters after meeting with President Obama at the White House said, "I hear comments sometimes that large oil companies are greedy companies who don't care. But that is not the case in BP. We care about the small people."[37]

File:Oil spill Google search 2010-00-06.png
Google search result for "oil spill" showing sponsored link by BP, followed by link to news for oil spill

On 30 May BP hired Anne Kolton, former head of public affairs at the U.S. Department of Energy and former spokesperson for Dick Cheney, as head of U.S. media relations.[38][39] BP established a new division, headed by board member and managing director Bob Dudley to handle the company's response.[40] On 4 June BP began running TV ads featuring CEO Tony Hayward as he apologized for the disaster, adding "We will make this right."[41] The company also ran print ads in newspapers including The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, USA Today and The Washington Post.[41] According to Jon Bond, co-founder of the Kirshenbaum Bond Senecal agency, the cost for the BP public relations campaign was about $50 million.[41] BP spokesperson Toby Odone told ABC News that BP had successfully bid for several search terms related to the oil spill on Google and other search engines so that the first sponsored search result links directly to the company's website. This is "a great PR strategy" commented Kevin Ryan, CEO of an internet communications firm, and one not used before by other firms facing similar public relations "nightmares," adding that research suggests most people cannot distinguish between sponsored links and actual news sites.[42][43]

On Monday July 26, 2010 the Guardian announced that CEO Tony Hayward was to quit. The move was reported as being an attempt by BP to rebuild their shattered image in the United States. Haywards leaving package is expected to be under basic contractual terms. That means one-year's pay of £1m and a pension pot of more than £10m, capable of paying out more than £500,000 a year when Hayward reaches 60.[44] He will be replaced by the Gulf Spill clean up chief Bob Dudley, who is an American citizen and previously worked for Amoco.[45]

Public reaction

File:BP Dead Pelicans What The Flock BP.JPG
Public protest in New Orleans following the oil spill

There has been a great deal of criticism of BP both in the US and worldwide for its role in the oil spill. By 22 June, the Facebook page "Boycott BP," started by Lee Perkins,[46] had over 688,500 "likes" from Facebook users, and generated media stories.[47][48] By 3 July, the online petition "Boycott BP" posted by consumer advocacy group Public Citizen had over 22,000 pledges from people who pledge not to buy any BP products for three months.[49] Across the US, thousands of people participated in dozens of protests at BP gas stations and other locations.[50][51][52] Alternative metal band Korn is boycotting the use of BP fuel in their tour bus for all upcoming tour dates, and also encouraged other bands to do the same.[53][54] Korn eventually got the entire 2010 Mayhem Festival to join the boycott, and several other recording artists including Lady Gaga, Creed, Disturbed and Rise Against, among others.[55] In late May, Greenpeace activists in London scaled BP's company headquarters in St. James's Square and unfurled mock BP logo banners imprinted with oil stains reading "british polluters".[56] According to the Associated Press, as of 29 June the protests caused sales declines at some stations between 10% to 40%, but BP owns few of the 11,000 U.S. stations selling its fuel under the BP, Amoco and ARCO banners. Most are owned locally, under contract to buy BP fuel.[57]

The Organization for International Investment, a Washington-based advocate for overseas investment into the U.S., warned in early July that the political rhetoric surrounding the disaster is potentially damaging the reputation of all British companies with operations in the U.S.[58] and sparked a wave of U.S. protectionism that has restricted British firms from winning government contracts, making political donations and lobbying.[59]

Public opinion

Regarding the handling of the situation, according to a USA Today-Gallup poll conducted in late May, 53 percent of Americans rated Obama's performance as poor or very poor, while 43 percent rated it as good or very good.[60] Approximately 60 percent said the federal government had done a poor or very poor job, while 35 percent rated the government's performance as good or very good.[60] A CBS News poll also conducted in late May likewise found a negative evaluation of Obama, with 45 percent disapproving of his performance, 35 percent approving, and 20 percent undecided.[60] 73 percent in the Gallup poll describing BP's response as poor or very poor, while 24 percent said it had been good or very good.[60] In the CBS survey, 70 percent disapproved of BP's response, with only 18 percent approving and 12 percent undecided.[60] An opinion poll conducted by Washington Post-ABC News in early June found that nearly three-fourths of Americans considered the spill a major environmental disaster.[61] Of those polled, 81 percent viewed the BP response negatively and 69 percent viewed the federal government response negatively.[61] Sixty-four percent of those polled expressed support for criminal prosecution of BP.[61]

News media

An editorial in USA Today was critical of BP, saying that the explosion "was likely the result of corner-cutting and risk-taking ingrained in BP's culture."[62] The editorial also criticized the accuracy and tone of comments made by BP executives.[62]

File:Ted Turner LF.JPG
Ted Turner

Ted Turner commented on CNN about the spill along with the West Virginia Upper Big Branch Mine disaster on 5 April, stating that God might be using those incidents to send a message about offshore drilling and coal mining. "I think maybe we ought to just leave the coal in the ground and go with solar and wind power and geothermals,"[63] he said.

Matthew Lynn, a columnist at Bloomberg, wrote that America's anger towards BP for the oil spill is based on a double standard because, he says, America's high consumption of oil leads companies to drill in dangerous places. He specifically criticized the United States for its low gas taxes and lack of climate change regulations. Lynn also criticized BP's response to the spill, saying that BP should sell its U.S. assets to another company because Hayward's job is to serve the stockholders, "not make yourself acceptable to a country that doesn’t want you anymore."[64] Jon Snow, at Channel 4 in the United Kingdom, drew parallels between the current oil spill, whose initial explosion killed 11 people immediately, and the Union Carbide accident in India, which killed at least 3,000 people immediately. Snow said that Obama "is now at war"[65] with BP, while America has taken no action on an arrest warrant issued for Warren Anderson, the former Union Carbide chief executive.[65] Al Jazeera's Abid Ali asked "Is BP bashing getting out of hand?" in regards to new calls from US legislators over BP’s alleged involvement in the release of Abdelbaset al-Megrahi from Scotland to Libya. Al Jazeera also suggested Obama should urge US companies to cough up for their environmental disasters globally, starting with Chevron, which is on the hook for $27 billion, for dumping 56 billon litres of toxic waste in the Ecuadorian Amazon rainforest; Chevron claims it’s done its bit and the rest is up Petro Ecuador.[66]

In the UK, the home of BP; there was anger at the American press and news outlets for the use of the term "British Petroleum" for the company, which has been re branded as BP since 1998. This was said to be 'dumping' the blame onto the British people and there was calls for British Prime Minister David Cameron to protect British interests in America.

Art

Michael Boroniec created a collection of pieces titled "Crude Awakening" that includes terra cotta sculptures of birds covered in oil and a silk screened American flag portrayed by motor oil on canvas, during the spill.[67]

On April 20, 2011 — the first anniversary of the explosion —, members of the art activist group Liberate Tate poured a mixture of charcoal and sunflower oil[68] over an other member of the group that lay naked and in a fetal position on the floor in the middle of the London Tate Modern exhibition Single Form.[69] The performance lasted 87 minutes, for the spill's 87 days.[68] The exhibition Single Form, dedicated to the body in sculpture from Rodin to Barbara Hepworth,[70] belongs to a series of exhibitions sponsored by BP at Tate (BP British Art Displays).[69]

166 artists, writers, activists and intellectuals[68] — among them Naomi Klein, John Keane and Matthew Herbert — published a letter in the British newspaper The Guardian, on the day of the anniversary, urging the museum "to demonstrate its commitment to a sustainable future by ending its sponsorship relationship with BP".[69]

Charity

More than $4 million has been donated to offset economic and environmental damage. Almost half of that amount has been from oil companies. BP America made a $1 million donation to Second Harvest Food as requests for food assistance have increased as a result of the spill.[71] On 22 June, BP said money received from selling oil from Deepwater Horizon would go to the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, to be used to help wildlife along the Gulf Coast. BP started the fund with $5 million.[72]

References

  1. ↑ Johnston, Nicholas; Nichols, Hans (2010-05-01). "New Offshore Oil Drilling Must Have Safeguards, Obama Says". Bloomberg. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-04-30/new-offshore-oil-drilling-must-have-safeguards-obama-says.html. Retrieved 2010-05-01.
  2. ↑ CBS/AP (2010-04-29). "Oil Spill Reaches Mississippi River". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/04/29/national/main6444311.shtml. Retrieved 2010-04-29.
  3. ↑ Office of the Press Secretary (2010-04-30). "Statement by the President on the Economy and the Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico" (Press release). The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/statement-president-economy-and-oil-spill-gulf-mexico. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
  4. ↑ "MMS inspection report of deepwater rigs in Gulf of Mexico". (DOI Press release) Deepwater Horizon Incident Joint Information Center; U.S. Department of the Interior. 2010-05-11. Retrieved 2010-07-04.
  5. ↑ Kunzelman, Michael(AP) (22 June 2010). "Judge blocks Gulf offshore drilling moratorium". Yahoo.com News.
  6. ↑ Rickard, Mary and Jeremy Pelofsky "Obama administration to issue new drilling moratorium". Reuters 22 June 2010.
  7. ↑ "0/5100 NOTAM Details". NOTAM. Federal Aviation Administration. 2010-06-09. http://tfr.faa.gov/save_pages/detail_0_5100.html. Retrieved 2010-06-14.
  8. ↑ Jeremy Peters (2010-06-09). "Efforts to Limit the Flow of Spill News". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/10/us/10access.html. Retrieved 2010-06-09.
  9. ↑ Blake Ellis (2010-05-03). "White House sends BP a $69 million bill". CNNMoney.com. http://money.cnn.com/2010/06/03/news/companies/bp_obama_administration_bill/index.htm. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
  10. ↑ "Full text of President Obama's BP Oil Spill speech". Reuters. 2010-06-15. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE65F02C20100616. Retrieved 2010-06-16.
  11. ↑ Weber, Harry R.(AP) (4 July 2010). "US to take more control of spill response website". Business News. The Houston Chronicle.
  12. ↑ "Administration Launches New, Centralized, Streamlined Oil Spill Response Website". Deepwater Horizon Incident Joint Information Center. 2010-07-07. http://www.d8externalaffairs.com/go/doc/2931/761339/. Retrieved 2010-07-07.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Klooster, Erik (10 June 2010). "Dutch consul slams US foot-dragging on oil spill". Radio Netherlands Worldwide. http://www.rnw.nl/english/article/dutch-consul-slams-us-foot-dragging-oil-spill. Retrieved 30 June 2010.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Jonsson, Patrik (19 June 2010). "Jones Act: Maritime politics strain Gulf oil spill cleanup". http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2010/0619/Jones-Act-Maritime-politics-strain-Gulf-oil-spill-cleanup. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
  15. ↑ Huizinga, Johan (4 May 2010). "Dutch oil spill response team on standby for US oil disaster". http://www.rnw.nl/english/article/dutch-oil-spill-response-team-standby-us-oil-disaster?quicktabs_1=1. Retrieved 1 July 2010.
  16. ↑ Flakus, Greg (14 June 2010). "Dutch say They Could Speed Gulf Oil Recovery with US Permission". Houston: VOA News. http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/usa/Dutch-say-They-Could-Speed-Gulf-Oil-Recovery-with-US-Permission-96341579.html. Retrieved 1 July 2010.
  17. ↑ Rogin, Josh (2010-05-06). "U.S. not accepting foreign help on oil spill". Foreign Policy. http://thecable.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/05/06/us_not_accepting_foreign_help_on_oil_spill. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
  18. ↑ ZHD/MD/MMN (2010-05-03). "Iran offers to help contain US oil spill". presstv.com. Tehran: Press TV. http://www.presstv.com/detail.aspx?id=125303. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
  19. ↑ MYA/HGH (21 June 2010). "IRGC offers to contain BP oil spill". presstv.com (Tehran: Press TV). http://www.presstv.ir/detail.aspx?id=131378&sectionid=351020101.
  20. ↑ Implications of the Gulf of Mexico oil spill for the UK (Oral Parliamentary Statement)
  21. ↑ Eilperin, Juliet; Kessler, Glenn (2010-03-18). "After delays, U.S. begins to tap foreign aid for gulf oil spill". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/06/13/AR2010061304232.html. Retrieved 2010-06-16.
  22. ↑ "International Offers of Assistance from Governments and International Bodies" (PDF). U.S. Department of State. 25 June 2010. http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/143488.pdf. Retrieved 27 June 2010.[dead link] (Archive dated June 18 @ blogs.tampabay.com)
  23. ↑ "Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: International Offers of Assistance" (Media note). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of State, Office of the Spokesman. 29 June 2010. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2010/06/143771.htm. Retrieved 30 June 2010. (Clarification, 1 July).
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Kirkham, Chris (28 June 2010). "Red tape keeps prized oil-fighting skimmers from Gulf, coastline". Times-Picayune. http://www.nola.com/news/gulf-oil-spill/index.ssf/2010/06/red_tape_keeps_prized_oil-figh.html. Retrieved 30 June 2010.
  25. ↑ McGinnis, S. "“API’s Jack Gerard reacts to oil spill commissions report”". Energy Now. http://www.energynow.com/node/2884. Retrieved 13 February 2011.
  26. ↑ Palomo, J. "“API response to commission report: “We’ve made progress to improve safety”.". American Petroleum Institute. http://www.api.org/Newsroom/commission-report.cfm. Retrieved 13 February 2011..
  27. ↑ Geman, B. "“Oil spill commission, lobbying group at odds over industry’s credibility”". The Hill. http://thehill.com/blogs/e2-wire/677-e2-wire/138129-oil-spill-commission-lobbying-group-at-odds-over-industrys-credibility-. Retrieved 13 February 2011.
  28. ↑ Fowler, Tom and Dlouhy, Jennifer (March 17, 2011). "Oil and gas industry creates offshore safety institute". The Houston Chronicle. http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/business/energy/7477258.html. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
  29. ↑ Watson, John. "Statement Before the United States House of Representatives Committee on Energy and Commerce, Subcommittee on Energy and Environment Washington, D.C., June 15, 2010". Testimony. http://www.chevron.com/chevron/speeches/article/06152010_drillingdownonamericasenergyfuturesafetysecurityandcleanenergy.news.
  30. ↑ Tillerson, Rex. "House of Representatives, Subcommittee on Energy and Environment, Committee on Energy and Commerce DRILLING DOWN ON AMERICA'S ENERGY FUTURE: SAFETY, SECURITY, AND CLEAN ENERGY TUESDAY, JUNE 15, 2010". http://democrats.energycommerce.house.gov/documents/20100615/transcript.06.15.2010.ee.pdf.
  31. ↑ "New Oil Spill Containment System to Protect Gulf of Mexico Planned By Major Oil Companies July 21, 2010". http://www.businesswire.com/portal/site/exxonmobil/index.jsp?ndmViewId=news_view&ndmConfigId=1001106&newsId=20100721006931&newsLang=en. Retrieved 13 February 2011.
  32. ↑ "Chevron Demonstrates Leadership in Joint Industry Task Forces". http://www.chevron.com/news/currentissues/gulfofmexico/taskforce/.
  33. ↑ Webb, Tim (2010-05-13). "BP Boss Admits Job on the Line over Gulf oil spill". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2010/may/13/bp-boss-admits-mistakes-gulf-oil-spill. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
  34. ↑ Swint, Brian (2010-05-18). "BP Doubles Estimate for Oil Captured in Gulf Spill". Bloomberg Businessweek. Bloomberg. http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-05-18/bp-doubles-estimate-for-oil-captured-in-gulf-spill-update3-.html. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
  35. ↑ Jad Mouawad, Jad; Krauss, Clifford (2010-06-03). "Another Torrent BP Works to Stem: Its C.E.O.". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/04/us/04image.html. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
  36. ↑ "BP downplays government claim on oil plumes" (Flash video). MSNBC. 9 June 2010. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/37588890/ns/disaster_in_the_gulf/. Retrieved 2010-06-10. 3:42 p.m.
  37. ↑ Mason, Jeff (16 June 2010). "BP agrees to $20 bln spill fund, cuts dividend". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN1511265620100617. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
  38. ↑ Bergin, Tom; Cooney, Peter (ed.) (2010-05-30). "BP Hires ex-Energy Dept Official for US Media Effort". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN3022354920100531. Retrieved 23010-06-05.
  39. ↑ Montopoli, Brian (2010-06-01). "Former Dick Cheney Spokesperson Begins Job at BP". CBS. http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-20006498-503544.html. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
  40. ↑ "Troubleshooter Dudley to handle fallout from BP spill". Daily Mail (UK). 2010-06-05. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/money/article-1284087/BP-oil-spill-Bob-Dudley-handle-fallout-oil-firm-spins-division-head-clean-up.html. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 Aaron Smith (2010-06-04). "BP's television ad blitz". CNN Money. http://money.cnn.com/2010/06/03/news/companies/bp_hayward_ad/?postversion=2010060321. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
  42. ↑ Emily Friedman (2010-06-05). "BP Buys 'Oil' Search Terms to Redirect Users to Official Company Website". ABC News. http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/Broadcast/bp-buys-search-engine-phrases-redirecting-users/story?id=10835618. Retrieved 2010-05-06.
  43. ↑ Morgan, Gareth (2010-06-07). "BP buys 'oil spill' sponsored links for search engines". New Scientist. http://www.newscientist.com/blogs/shortsharpscience/2010/06/bp-turns-to-google-ads-to-save.html. Retrieved 2010-06-13.
  44. ↑ Terry Macalister and Richard Wray (26 July 2010). "Tony Hayward to quit BP | Business". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2010/jul/26/tony-hayward-to-quit-bp. Retrieved 2010-09-18.
  45. ↑ Terry Macalister (25 July 2010). "Bob Dudley: Profile of the new BP chief executive | Business". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2010/jul/25/bob-dudley-profile-bp-ceo. Retrieved 2010-09-18.
  46. ↑ (Flash video) The Conversation. Interview with Sawyer, Diane. 14 June 2010. ABC News. http://abcnews.go.com/WNT/video/conversation-boycott-bp-facebook-movement-10910882. Retrieved 2010-07-03.
  47. ↑ "Bayou Lee", ed. "Boycott BP page on Facebook". Facebook.com. http://www.facebook.com/pages/Boycott-BP/119101198107726. Retrieved 22 June 2010. (over 774,204 as of 3 July).
  48. ↑ Wheaton, Sarah (2 June 2010). "Protesters gather at BP stations". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/03/us/03boycott.html. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  49. ↑ "Boycott BP Pledge page". Public Citizen. http://www.citizen.org/page.aspx?pid=3311. Retrieved 2010-07-03.
  50. ↑ Klaus, Krista (31 May 2010). "Memorial Day protest of BP held at Clearwater station". WFLA TV, News Channel 8, Tampa. http://www2.tbo.com/content/2010/may/31/memorial-day-protest-bp-held-clearwater-station/news-metro/. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
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  52. ↑ "More than a thousand people attend rally against BP and the government". WGNO TV, New Orleans. 30 May 2010. http://www.neworleans.com/news/local-news/404880.html. Retrieved 2010-07-03.
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  67. ↑ Responding to the Oil Spill with Art. Artinstitutes.edu, July 14, 2010
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  70. ↑ Single Form: The Body in Sculpture from Rodin to Hepworth. Tate.org, retrieved June 28, 2011
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