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Shale oil extraction is an industrial process for unconventional oil production. This process converts kerogen in oil shale into shale oil by pyrolysis, hydrogenation, or thermal dissolution. The resultant shale oil is used as fuel oil or upgraded to meet refinery feedstock specifications by adding hydrogen and removing sulfur and nitrogen impurities.

Shale oil extraction is usually performed above ground (ex situ processing) by mining the oil shale and then treating it in processing facilities. Other modern technologies perform the processing underground (on-site or in situ processing) by applying heat and extracting the oil via oil wells.

The earliest description of the process dates to the 10th century. In 1684, Great Britain granted the first formal extraction process patent. Extraction industries and innovations became widespread during the 19th century. The industry shrank in the mid-20th century following the discovery of large reserves of conventional oil, but high petroleum prices at the beginning of the 21st century have led to renewed interest, accompanied by the development and testing of newer technologies. (more...)

Royal Dutch Shell plc' (RDSA, RDSB), commonly known as Shell, is a global oil and gas company headquartered in The Hague, Netherlands and with its registered office at the Shell Centre in London, United Kingdom. It is the second-largest energy company and the fifth-largest company in the world according to Forbes Magazine list for 2011. It is vertically integrated and is active in every area of the oil and gas industry, including exploration and production, refining, distribution and marketing, petrochemicals, power generation and trading. It also has major renewable energy activities, including in biofuels, hydrogen, solar and wind power. It has operations in over 90 countries, produces around 3.1 million barrels of oil equivalent per day and has 44,000 service stations worldwide. Shell Oil Company, its subsidiary in the United States, is one of its largest businesses. (more...)

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Halliburton's DeepReach™ Coiled Tubing Servic uses multiple outer diameter coiled tubing sections in a single string with larger OD sections near the top of the string and smaller OD sections near the bottom.With this arrangement, the tension along the string length is reduced while sufficient flow capacity is retained for performing well intervention operations.

Tapered OD Makes the Difference

The vertical depth capability of conventional coiled tubing is limited because as the length of the tubing string increases in the well, the string’s total weight also increases; therefore, the capability of a conventional CT string to perform ultra-deep work depends primarily on the string’s total hanging weight and the yield strength of the parent metal. If the hanging weight exceeds the pipe’s yield strength, a string separation can occur. Since a tapered coiled tubing string is lighter in weight (compared to a single string of the largest diameter) and its design provides greater strength at the upper end of string, operators can realize up to a 30 percent increase in depth capability over conventional CT strings.

Key Enabling Technologies

Multiple technologies were developed to enable DeepReach coiled tubing to be used in deep well operations. These technologies

include 1) the CT transition joints, 2) Boots & Coots V-Block® gripper design, (more...)